Scientific Management - Taylorism Essay - 990 Words

‘Scientific Management’ is a managerial development theory that was proposed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s. It was designed to apply scientific methods to the management of work organisations in order to improve economic efficiency and labour productivity. This theory is also well known as ‘Taylorism’ and has had a significant impact in the history of organisational management. Scientific management has had many benefits in the work organisation such as the division between workers and managers, increased efficiency in production and task specialisation. To some extent, this idea may still be relevant in some organisations but it is evident that the problems associated with this theory has led to the downfall of scientific†¦show more content†¦As a result of gender division, it was evident that there was a significant difference in wages for women and men. Men typically received a higher wage than women which unquestionably became an issu e as men were less likely to experience changes in their assigned jobs, whereas women were more susceptible to these changes. Furthermore, not only are women’s wages lower than men’s, this often ends in a gender clash as it leads to women feeling unmotivated and not up to standard. Not only has scientific management created a negative gender division in work organisations, it has also created a less encouraging environment for workers. Although the principles of Taylorism have had a positive outcome on efficiency of production and productivity of workers, it has negatively impacted the workers as it has decreased job satisfaction thus increasing the repetitive nature of the workload. As workers are only required to specialise in one specific task, workers quickly become dissatisfied as the fundamental job requirements such as variety of skill, significance of tasks, independence and criticism are all missing. According to Gronroos (1994), it is due to the introduction of new technology in the work organisation that prevents workers from experiencing considerable job satisfaction. This also results in a poor relationship betweenShow MoreRelatedScientific Management, Or Taylorism, Is A Theory Of Management1929 Words   |  8 PagesScientific Management, or Taylo rism, is a theory of management by F. W. Taylor that analysed how the highest economic efficiency, especially labour productivity, can be achieved, hence the greatest prosperity for both employers and employees. The four principles that he brought forward are the replacement of the ‘rule of thumb’ work method with a scientific way to study work, matching and training the most suitable person to do each particular job scientifically instead of leaving the workers toRead MoreThe Advantages Of Taylorism ( Scientific Management )1747 Words   |  7 Pagesand disadvantages of Taylorism (Scientific Management) In the late 19th century, Frederick Winslow Taylor, a mechanical engineer, created the theory of scientific management (or Taylorism). Scientific management intends to achieve efficiency by increasing worker productivity, predictability by standardising and dividing up tasks and control by creating a hierarchical working environment (Huczynski Buchanan, 2013). This essay will argue that the only real advantage of Taylorism is that it has beenRead MoreTaylorism and Scientific Management1910 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿For centuries, scholars, philosophers, and lay-persons alike have been concerned about the issue of management. This includes management of processes, people, things, events, and societies all with the focus of the basic motivations that drive individuals to become most productive. Of course, outside of Maslows Hierarchy, we know that compensation has historical been a great motivator, but in the modern age, there are more complex motivators that focus more on individua l actualization. As longRead MoreA Scientific Management, Taylorism, And Management1405 Words   |  6 Pages F.W Taylor introduced a scientific management, Taylorism, in the early 20th century to solve the problem of inefficiency. The aim of Taylorism is to maixmise productivity and minimise waste of resources using specialisation of labour. There are three main components of Taylorism and it will be discussed in detail in the later paragraphs. Firstly, according to Rose, M. (1978), Taylor believes that the root of inefficiency is the slacking and soldiering of workers. And irrational and incompetentRead MoreTaylorism Is A Scientific Management System1480 Words   |  6 PagesTaylorism is a scientific management system that was developed by Fredrick Taylor in the 1880s. Taylorism works in a method based on F. Taylor’s scientific study of accomplishing different tasks instead of empirical methods or methods inspired by past experience and knowledge. Taylorism also tends to scientifically train and help develop employees’ skills instead of letting them train themselves during their time in the workplace. Another principle of Taylorism is that it gives comprehensive andRead MoreTaylorism or Scientific Management Principles at Ford Motors Company1835 Words   |  8 Pageswith the role of Taylorism or scientific management in a specific organization. The primary focus will be to critically discuss how the vario us methods of scientific management are applicable to the chosen organization, which in this case will be Ford Motors. The essay will describe F.W. Taylors early work life and techniques of scientific management and its success. It will then go on to discuss the production methods at Ford Motors prior and post the application of the management principles alongRead MoreTaylorism, Scientific Management, Is a Theory of Management Methodology That Emphasizes on Maximising Work Efficiency.2200 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Taylorism, additionally known as Scientific Management, is a theory of management methodology that emphasizes on maximising work efficiency. Developed and named after an American industrial engineer, Frederick Winslow Taylor. Through thorough use of a stopwatch and a clipboard, Taylor put all his research and outcomes into a book called the Principles of Scientific Management, which was later published in 1911. In the monograph Taylor’s notion was to mend the economical proficiencyRead MoreHuman Relations Theories : Scientific Management And Taylorism And Human Relation Theories2542 Words   |  11 Pages Introduction The never-ending discussion about the superiority of one out of two different managerial approaches – Scientific Management and Taylorism and Human Relation Theories - took its place since the beginning of 20th century. One of the most well-known Human Relations Theories is on employee empowerment. However, pinning down an actual definition on term of empowerment due to its wide scope is highly problematic (Woodside, Martin; 2007). Some authors view it as giving authority and decision-makingRead MoreDespite Many Criticisms, and a Wealth of Newer Theories on the Topic of Managing People, Taylorism (I.E. Scientific Management) Is Alive and Well in the 21st Century.2422 Words   |  10 Pagesof newer theories on the topic of managing people, Taylorism (i.e. Scientific Management) is alive and well in the 21st century. The purpose of this essay is to show that Taylorism (Scientific Management) is still alive and well in the world today despite the many criticism and newer theories of management. The essay will be structured into four main headings. In the first section we will be looking and the definition if Taylorism and how Taylorism is implemented in the 21st century. In the secondRead MoreAnalysis Of Ford And Taylorism Theory973 Words   |  4 PagesExecutive Summary Ford and Taylorism theory has been there for many decades. It has its own advantage and disadvantage. However, we can still absorb from the theory and many of the methods are still practiced in this era. In this activity 1, we are going to summarize the ideas of Ford and Taylorism and discuss if the concept it accepted in many countries. Secondly, in the second activity, we are going to review about globalisation by Thomas Friedman. We will mention about the risk of living in

Hca/250 Change and Innovation Paper Free Essays

Change and Innovation Paper HCA/250 Change and Innovation Change and Innovation In today’s economy we have experienced numerous amounts of change especially within the workplace. Some of these changes consist of new technology, procedures, as well as equipment, which can cause a lot of misunderstandings amongst present employees. According to the scenario given; a major health care organization has decided to use electronic medical records (EMRs). We will write a custom essay sample on Hca/250 Change and Innovation Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The employees in this organization are resistant to change, specifically changes that have to deal with technology. There are several ways that an employer can resolve situations like these and convert it into a positive that will benefit the facility. Within the workplace it may be difficult for employees to adapt change due to being confined to their usual agenda. Also most may find it highly difficult to manage the adjustment in using electronic medical records (EMRs), because that’s training that present and future employees would have to complete in order to be certified to use this new technology. Also acknowledge that many of these facilities today rarely offer on-the-job training, which is time that employees have to appoint in order to be up to date with their place of employment which many may not have. Therefore, giving us an understanding why employees would be resistant toward the technical changes within the workplace. Being that I am a recreational manager at my current place of employment I too have to deal with the questions and concerns of current employees who may have an issue with certain changes. Some strategies that I consider helpful is to start by finding out their reason for not wanting to confine to the new changes and hopefully see if there is a reasonable conclusion that can possibly resolve the situation at hand. Also, stating the present reason(s) for the change, Change and Innovation giving the employee an explanation on how it will benefit the facility as well as themselves. After doing so if their still in disagreement I’d still encourage them to perform their duties to their fullest potential. It is not guaranteed that an employer can please all of its workers, but make it to where they at least feel comfortable performing their duties in that particular work environment. So it is good to follow through with the innovation plans, so that employees are aware of their new goals and how to manage their performance for the better good of the company. So why are some employees resistant toward organizational change? There can be multiple reasons for this. Many may disagree with certain changes that are being made, time management may cause conflict to a lot of schedules, due to the fact that many of us do inquire a second job, or it can just be that they may not like the new ideas of change for their own personal reasons. It is understandable that employees may have issues with certain adjustments especially if it’s going to affect other things they may have going on. For example, at my place of employment we had recently made the decision to keep our facility open later on the weekends because we realized we make more profit mainly on the weekends. Whereas making such change has affected some of our employees being that some of them work second jobs strictly on the weekends aside from this one, along with others who have children and are not able to find child care that could keep their children until eleven o’clock. So it has created a lot of conflict for some of our employees where we had to come to an agreement on how we could work around their second job schedules and their availability. Having to adjust to certain employees’ availability is where Human Resources can play a role in adapting and managing change. They have the ability to set forth ideas and solutions on how to keep the necessary change in progress Change and Innovation as well as assisting their workers with managing their work schedules and extras that may hinder them from fully achieving the necessary changes within the work environment. Giving another example from my place of work, we have recently got the approval to expand our facility so we can add more amenities for our customers’ enjoyment. Therefore, Human Resources have aken it upon themselves to hire flex time workers in order to cover the shifts that our regular workers cannot. However, it all works out for the better good of our facility by increasing the success from the management of innovation and change. Reference 1. http://smallbusiness. chron. com/innovation-change-business 2. http://www. leadership-and-motivation-training. com/strategies-for-managing-change 3. Coulter, M. , DeCenzo, D. , Robbins, S. (2011). Fundamentals of Management: Essential Conc epts and Applications. Seventh Edition. Pearson Education. Published: Prentice Hall. How to cite Hca/250 Change and Innovation Paper, Papers

Financial Management of Corporate Governance - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management of Corporate Governance. Answer: 718 Geelong Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000 15 January 2018 Christopher Sampson Managing Director, Beachlife Ltd Level 7, 927 William Street, Brisbane QLD-4000 Dear Christopher Sampson Relevant email was transmitted on 13 November 2017, which indicated the problems faced by Beachlife Limited in forming their annual report. The email sent to Magenta and Associates mainly addressed the accounting issues faced by the management of Beachlife Limited. Nevertheless, in response to the email the following letter is being outlined, which directs all the relevant problems and accounting issues faced by the organization. The measures and standards needed for comprehending the accounting issues adequately discussed in the letter, which could allow the board to correctly prepare its financial report. On behalf of Magenta and Associates I wholeheartedly thank you for providing us with an opportunity to help with your accounting issues. Rest assured the measures and adjustment that is needed for nullifying the accounting issue are adequately depicted in the letter. Furthermore, adequate references and sources are provided with the advice that is given for contemplating the accou nting issue. Beachlife Limited is a public limited company, who needs to follow all the relevant AASB standard and regulations laid in Corporation Act 2001. The clauses and sections need to be maintained by the organization while preparing the annual report, as it might help in depicting their actual financial position. Regulations such as section 292, section 296, and section 334 are mainly used in drafting the annual report (Aasb.gov.au 2018). Organizations use the detected regulations to formulate their annual report according to the standard maintained by the AASB and IAS. Lastly, it could be said that the advice provided in Beachlife Limited is compliant with AASB standard, which could allow the organization to complete their annual report. The measures are provided for issues regarding the warranty expense and future loss that will be incurred by the organization. Identifying the overall measures needed to solve the accounting issue regarding infringement claim: The first accounting issue addressed in the email was regarding problems relating to patent case, where the company needs to pay compensation to the accuser. However, the problems in recording of loss that will be incurred by the company due to the infringement patent act is adequately solved. Beachlife Limited could use contingency liability in their annual report to record the overall loss, which will incur in immediate future. The measure taken with contingency liability section is mainly addressed in AASB 137 paragraph 10 (Aasb.gov.au 2018). The treatment of contingency liability mentioned under paragraph 10 addressed that any kind of loss, which will incur in future due to past actions needs to be recorded in contingency liability section. This section directly addresses the accounting issue of recording any kind of future losses incurred by the organization in future. The contingency liability section mainly comes under balance sheet section of the organization under the liabil ity section. Therefore, the board could use the contingency liability section mentioned in AASB 137 for addressing the accounting issue faced by Beachlife limited (Adhariani, Sciulli and Clift 2017). Particulars Value Probability 1st chance $ 50,000,000 60% 2nd chance $ 30,000,000 40% 3rd chance $ 87,000,000 30% The above table mainly identifies the overall probability and chance of loss occurrence from the court ruling against Beachlife limited. There are 3 probabilities with different percentage, where the company could incur loss. The highest probability is 60%, where the company will incur loss of $ 50,000,000, which needs to be listed in the contingency liability section. The other probability is also an option, where the company could incur different amounts of loss. However, the highest chance of probability occurrence needs to be taken into consideration, as there is highest likelihood the loss, which might incur by the organisation (Ball, Tyler and Wells 2015). In addition, the contingency liability section of Beachlife limited should include $ 50,000,000 for the probable loss, which might incur from infringement patent case. Consequently, the board of Beachlife limited could utilise the information related to AASB 137 paragraph 10 for addressing their accounting issue. This could eventually help in formulating the correct annual report, which represents actual financial position of the organisation. For any further queries on contingency liability section and related standard please feel free to contact Magenta and Associates. Therefore, the board could utilise contingency liability section of AASB and increase their liability section in balance sheet by $ 50,000,000. Identifying the measures used in solving the issue regarding warranty and sale record: The second issue that is faced by the organization is problems related to warranty expenses and record of sales in the current fiscal year. The main issue is regarding listing of warranty expense in the annual report, which is needed to be provided by the company in the current fiscal year and extends to next fiscal year. Relevant provision needs to be conducted by the company to depict their actual financial position in the annual report. According to AASB 137, the expenses that will be conducted in future by the actions taken in past needs to be enlisted under contingency liability section. Moreover, under AASB 137 Paragraph 14(a), the overall expenses that needs to be conducted by the company in near future must be enlisted under contingency liability section of the balance sheet (Aasb.gov.au 2018). Furthermore, the board could utilize the measure conducted by AASB for enlisting he warranty expense that needs to be incurred by the company (Hudson 2016). The problems related to rec oding of sales in annual report also needs to be addressed, where AASB 118 paragraph 9 could be utilized. According to AASB 118 paragraph 9, companies need to recognize their sales conducted during the fiscal year in the annual report (Aasb. Gov. au 2018). The happening of sales conducted in December 2017 needs to be immortalized in the current financial year, which could assist in drafting actual financial position of Beachlife limited. The relevant revenue recognition method is mainly enlisted in AASB 118 paragraph 9, which directly help in stating the actual financial position of the organization. In addition, AASB 118 also states that credit sales are entered during the occurrence regardless of the actual payment conducted by the customer (Jones 2017). Hence, the board of Beachlife limited could enlist the sales figure of $180,000 in the revenue section under the provision of AASB 118 paragraph 9. On the other hand, the contingency liability section of the company under the provision of AASB 137 paragraph 14 (a) could allow the expenses of $15,000 as warranty expense in their yearly report. These above depicted measures for the accounting issue could eventually allow Beachlife limited to accurately develop the yearly report and portray their real financial situation. All the relevant information is divulged in the missive, which could permit the board of Beachlife limited to solve the accounting issue faced in preparing their yearly report. The standards presented by Magenta and Associates adequately comply with all the AASB standard and is accepted by accounting board. The board could utilise the information for nullifying the accounting issues and present accurate financial position in their annual report. Hence, all the accounting issues listed the email sent on 13 November 2017 is adequately addressed. I also guarantee you that any kind of further details needed by the board of Beachlife limited can be provided by Magenta and Associates. We are looking forward for future communication between our administration. Regards Lisa Magenta Manager Magenta and Associates 718 Geelong Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Reference: AASB, C.A.S., 2014. Business Combinations.Disclosure,66, p.77. Aasb.gov.au. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB137_07-04_COMPoct10_01-11.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. Aasb.gov.au. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB118_07-04_COMPoct10_01-11.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. Adhariani, D., Sciulli, N. and Clift, R., 2017. Quantitative Optimisation Model, Results and Discussion. InFinancial Management and Corporate Governance from the Feminist Ethics of Care Perspective(pp. 209-284). Springer International Publishing. Ball, F., Tyler, J. and Wells, P., 2015. Is audit quality impacted by auditor relationships?.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(2), pp.166-181. Hoyle, J.B., Schaefer, T. and Doupnik, T., 2015.Advanced accounting. McGraw Hill. Hudson, M., 2016. No setting off unfair preferences.Australian Restructuring Insolvency Turnaround Association Journal,28(3), p.34. Jones, D., 2017. Tax and accounting income-Worlds apart?.Taxation in Australia,52(1), p.14. Loyeung, A. and Matolcsy, Z., 2015. CFO's accounting talent, compensation and turnover.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.1105-1134. Richardson, G., Richardson, G., Taylor, G., Taylor, G., Lanis, R. and Lanis, R., 2016. Women on the board of directors and corporate tax aggressiveness in Australia: An empirical analysis.Accounting Research Journal,29(3), pp.313-331.

Men will be Women Essays - Gender, Masculinity, Literature, Biology

Men will be Women Being men means something today that is completely different to the definition of past generations; This is true for any time period. Primitively, being a man meant to be fearless and tough in order to protect and feed their people, it was male nature. As time progresses, this definition was ever so slightly modified to a point where men are expected to be tamed and act as a male version of women. Men are animals by nature, and like animals men require certain necessities in order to keep calm. Chuck Palahniuk, in his book titled Fight Club, using toxic masculinity explores a fictional scenario in which men find a way to release this primitive tension and masculinity stored through the years from a macro-perspective in order to escape from a world where men are expected to suppress their male nature. Men are no longer the image of strong figures that put their lives in danger every day in order to provide and protect their people. From a macro-perspective, men have been changed alongside history itself in order to better fit social standards set by women. Fight Club explores toxic masculinity, the side of men that is not good for society. According to Harris O'Malley in his article titled, " The Difference Between Toxic Masculinity and Being A Man", Toxic masculinity is a concept with questionable origins that describes men who do not live up social standards, " for many people, the toxic ideas of masculinity are synonymous with being a man"(par 4). To simply be men is already a big offense. From a macro-perspective, men have been driven to avoid male nature by slowly turning men into what is believed to be the ideal man, a female version of men. From a micro-perspective, a male child told that he cannot cry because it is not the manly thing to d o, will store all the tension and eventually release it all at once. This is true for all the expectations for men today: boys will be boys, men think about sex every 7 seconds, men can't be friends with women, real men fight, etc. According to Kali Holloway , in her article titled "Toxic Masculinity Is Killing Men: The Roots of Men and Trauma", "...male infants actually behave in ways our society defines as feminine' " (par. 3), furthermore proving that we are both unconsciously and consciously driving men since childhood to be female. Kali Holloway states that "... social constructions of femininity demand that women be thin, beautiful, accommodating, and some unattainable balance of virginal and fuckable, social constructions of masculinity demand that men constantly prove and re-prove the very fact that they are, well, men" (par. 1), stating that men are not the only affected by social standards. Women are also affected, some may argue that even more than men. Holloway s tates, " B oth ideas are poisonous and potentially destructive, but statistically speaking, the number of addicted and afflicted men and their comparatively shorter lifespans proves masculinity is actually the more effective killer"(par 2). Though women may or may not be affected by more social standards, they are free to express their opinion and feelings on the matter. On the other hand, "...[men] are not only told they should suppress their emotions, but that their manliness essentially depends on them doing so" (par 7). Being a man means something completely different today, than it did the past generations. Being a man depends whether or not you can act according to female nature and the standards set by said nature. In Fight Club , the narrator finds the way to express his male nature through the way of Tyler, a persona created within himself. Tyler could do as he pleased and explore male nature at will, something the narrator has never been able to do. The narrator is the representation of men trapped in the standards of society that find a way to break free from such standards. Palahniuk describes the narrator as the way men should be according to social standards: white, heterosexual, with a degree, a job, and a furnished apartment. When the narrator realizes he checked all the boxed for the ideal man,

AF Environmental Threats Essays

AF Environmental Threats Essays AF Environmental Threats Essay AF Environmental Threats Essay What are the greatest environmental threats that have immediate implications for AF? Firebombed Fitch has been known for not being very diverse. They were striving for a certain look and style. It was mainly consisted of young white male and females with nice bodies, beautiful hair and shapes that fit their tiny clothes. If a customer were to walk into any AF store and look on the walls, they would notice that the models all have the same look. Not only do the models look the same, but was known for hiring associates that also fit that look. Firebombed has admitted to recruiting employees from sororities and fraternities and customers who looked the part. There were not many minorities working in the stores and even fewer minority models on the walls. If minorities were hired, they were working in the back, in stock. Or only coming in right before closing. Actions like these have opened the door for lawsuits for discrimination. Racial profiling, has also limited the type of clientele that frequents the stores. While this was exactly what AF was owing for Initially, It Limits the potential Income that the company could be earning. By not being as diverse as many other clothing companies, AF could stand the chance of losing business. Many customers do not care for discrimination and the misrepresentation of cultures. Firebombed and Fitch have four brands such as Hollister, Ruler, Firebombed and Giggly Hicks. A negative mark on one brand can possibly negatively affect all brands. 2. What are the greatest opportunities available in the marketplace for AF to pursue? In light of the economy decreasing due to the housing market taking a dive and the unemployment rate rising everyday, people are not as willing to spend a large amount of money on clothes. Now is the time for many to become conservative, save money and shop for bargains. To maintain their customers and possibly gain more, AF could take advantage of the bargain 2. What are the greatest opportunities available In the marketplace for AF to pursue? AF could take advantage of the bargain Identify and describe the greatest environmental threats that have immediate implications for AF. Firebombed Fitch has been known for its lack of diversity. They have always strives for a particular look and style. Their staff mainly consists of young white attractive male and females. Store Managers are encouraged to ask attractive shoppers If they want to apply for a sales position. AF has outlined a strict dress policy that the employees hair have to be neat and attractive, make up Is to be worn to en hance natural features along with many other demands. In the stores there are posters of attractive went models wearing trademark clotting wanly represents ten look they wanted to capture when hiring employees. AF recruits employees from sororities and fraternities who look the part and fit their mold of the all American male and female. AF ran into legal issues when lawsuits were filed alleging that they discriminated against minorities. It was said that in an effort to cultivate a white workforce minority applicants were steered into less visible Jobs such as stock

Cell Biology and Biotechniques

The review of the literature by Assadi et al. (2016) highlights how biophysical technology has been efficiently utilized in addressing research questions and finding effective results in clinical investigation. This research study mainly utilized the method of flow cytometry and transfection technique apart from real time PCR and immunoflourescence microscopy to detect fatty acid metabolism-immune nexus (FAMIN) in Chrohn’s disease risk gene LACC1 (Laccase domain containing 1) encoded protein in human tissues. This method of fatty acid metabolism was decided because genetic variation in the LACC1 gene increased the risk of Chrohn’s disease. The main of this research was to elucidate the biological function of LACC1 gene and determine the characterization of the gene expression in human tissue and cells. The research question for the study was how characteristics expression of LACC1 gene can increase risk of Crohn’s disease (Assadi et al. 2016). The FAMIN protein encoded by the LACC1 gene control all the defense mechanism of human body and the research was important to gain additional insights into how FAMIN characterization and LACC1 gene expression may create risk of Crohn’s disease. The transfection technique was used by maintaining human cell line THP-1 in suitable medium and the cells were incubated wit phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to induce macrophage differentiation. For transfection experiment the HeLa cell line was transfected with empty vectors and LACC1 vector constructs. Western blotting was done on this cell and expression level was calculated. As transfection technique lead to unexpected morphologies and abnormalities in target cells, it helped in studying the expression of gene.   On the other hand, immunofluoroscence staining was used to calculate the number of peroxisomes and several antibodies were used both for immunofluorescence staining and western blot (Assadi et al. 2016).Hence, trans fection technique was applied in this research to study macrophage differentiation and gene expression of LACC1 gene. A research which considers the efficiency and cytotoxic effect of tranfection methodology lead to better results, whereas highly cytotoxic approaches lead to unwanted effects and unknown changes in gene expression which may affect the results (Goehring et al. 2014).   Flow cytometry is the biophysical technology done by means of laser and used to analyze the characteristics of particle in a fluid stream by passing through electronic detection device. .   Flow cytometry technique is widely used in the cell tracking, cell viability and infection studies and to conduct functional analysis in cell signaling gene expression studies (Givan 2013). In the research study by Assadi et al. (2016), flow cytometry of human blood derived cell and granulocytes and erythrocytes were isolated from the cell and stained using monoclonal antibodies. The FAMIN cells labeled with antibodies and data analyzed with flow cytometer and flow analysis software. This technique helped in the characterization of FAMIN expression in THP-1 cells. The result indicated the FAMIN expression was not detected in untreated cells, however PMA induced differentiation was seen during THP-1 (positive) cell lines. Hence the result of the study finally showed that LACC1 gene codes for macr ophage immune-metabolic function and polymorphic variation influences risk of Crohn’s disease (Assadi et al. 2016). Considering the clinical use of flow cytometry in research studies, the main advantage of flow cytometry is its ability to characterize immunophenotyping deviation in cells and detect diagnosis of hematopoietic disorders like leukemia. It has led to new methods for assessing hematologic malignancy and MRD. It is cost-effective and quick method for disease detection and diagnosis. However the limitation of the method is that it cannot easily detect sarcoma and carcinomas as they tend to stick (Woo et al. 2014). The main principle of fluorescence and fluorescence microscopic techniques was used to analyze therapeutic effectiveness in Crohn’s disease. In patients with Crohn’s disease, the antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binds to the membrane bound TNF and suppresses immune response in person. Hence, the researcher used fluorescent antibodies for TNF imaging studies. Despite using TNF therapy, patient show little improvement in their clinical symptoms and it also in creases the risk of side-effects like allergic reaction and skin disorders. The main limitation in treatment was that clinician cannot predict the response to anti-TNF therapy in patients. With this problem in treatment of patients with Crohn’s disease, the research question for the study was to see how fluorescence antibodies to TNF can help in studying response to anti-TNF therapy (Atreya et al. 2014).   Therefore, the use of different techniques like transfection, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry helped in studying variation in expression of Crohn’s disease risk gene and increased understanding of Crohn’s disease risk gene. Higher LACC1 expression was seen in spleen and lymph nodes in this research study. Hence application of this technique helped in gaining better understanding of LACC1 function in regulating immune-mediated function and diseases. These tools can be exploited in the future for several diagnostic studies. Assadi, G., Vesterlund, L., Bonfiglio, F., Mazzurana, L., Cordeddu, L., Schepis, D., Mjà ¶sberg, J., Ruhrmann, S., Fabbri, A., Vukojevic, V. and Percipalle, P., 2016. Functional Analyses of the Crohn’s Disease Risk Gene LACC1.  PloS one,  11(12), p.e0168276. Atreya, R., Neumann, H., Neufert, C., Waldner, M.J., Billmeier, U., Zopf, Y., Willma, M., App, C., Mà ¼nster, T., Kessler, H. and Maas, S., 2014. In vivo imaging using fluorescent antibodies to tumor necrosis factor predicts therapeutic response in Crohn's disease.  Nature medicine,  20(3), pp.313-318. Givan, A.L., 2013.  Flow cytometry: first principles. John Wiley & Sons. Goehring, A., Lee, C.H., Wang, K.H., Michel, J.C., Claxton, D.P., Baconguis, I., Althoff, T., Fischer, S., Garcia, K.C. and Gouaux, E., 2014. Screening and large-scale expression of membrane proteins in mammalian cells for structural studies.  Nature protocols,  9(11), pp.2574-2585. Woo, J., Baumann, A. and Arguello, V., 2014. Recent advancements of flow cytometry: new applications in hematology and oncology.  Expert review of molecular diagnostics,  14(1), pp.67-81.

PRoject Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PRoject - Research Paper Example Its main components are feldspar and quartz, even though, there are small amounts of amphiboles, mica, and numerous other elements. Due to the varying composition of the granite rock, it comes in various shades and colors such as white, pink, red and gray. Mable, on the other hand, is the metamorphic rock that will be formed when limestone is exposed to the pressure and heat of the metamorphism. Its main component is calcium calcite and normally can have other minerals such as quartz, clay minerals, graphite, iron oxide, pyrite, and micas. Under the intense condition of metamorphosis, the calcite components of the limestone rejoin each other and form larger calcite crystals. Nigeria has its unique culture that is also in cooperated into their business world. One is likely to find self spending in the first two hours of a first conversation just exchanging pleasantries and talking about matters of family and health. To them, these matters are of great importance. One might find himself trying to rush things at this stage. Something that is worth noting is that Nigerians often work as a team and closed door meetings are bound to be frequently interrupted by phone calls, emails, and errands. Some scholars have argued that the law of supply and demand is enough to shape the business world in any region, however, others argue that politics is very vital for business in any region of the world. However what is now known to be true is that lots of political factors determine which direction the economy swings. The ruling government in Nigeria often introduces new rules and regulations or eliminate old ones that determine how business transactions in the country are to be countries out. By this, may include; waivers, import promotion decrees, tariffs, import duties and industrial promotion policies. It can is best illustrated by the 2004 import waiver of Dangote Industries that enabled the firm to

Choose at least 4 classic political theorists to discuss in depth. Are Essay

Choose at least 4 classic political theorists to discuss in depth. Are their theories still influential today - Essay Example Aristotle’s views on politics were based upon the politician as the main player in a political system. In this sense, the biggest role for the politician is the creation and putting in place of laws. The laws collectively make up the constitution that governs the people of any given state. The constitution contains the laws, institutions, and customs of the people and shall determine the courses of action that shall be taken in the cases of conflict. The politician’s role after the constitution is in place is to maintain it, introduce reforms when necessary, and to prevent any developments meant to subvert the political system in general. Aristotle calls this the province of legislative science and holds it in higher regard than politics as it is exercised in the normal sense with the passing of mere decrees. Aristotle’s political theory is very influential and still has influence on today’s political landscape. It is evident that today’s politician s craft laws besides defending the course of the constitution. Any efforts that may subvert the political system in place are usually dealt with by the politician through bills and debates which involve voting just as Aristotle theorized. Plato was Aristotles teacher and their political theories are similar in many ways. His major political work was â€Å"The Republic† and it contained his ideas on an effective and efficient political system. His political system was majorly concerned with justice and defined every state in terms of its levels of justice. An efficient Platonian political system comprised of a merchant class that dealt with the economic structure, a military class that handled security and a political structure in the hands of philosopher-kings. People’s classes should be determined by the educational process in place and available to the specific individual. Those who would have completed the educational process in whole would become philosopher kings and they

Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes Essay Example for Free

Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes Essay You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Neighbour Principle: You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Reasonable Person Test individual action or failure to act as a reasonably prudent person would under similar circumstances, resulting in harm to another Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) Papatonakis v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1985) That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak Other Tests: for a causal link to exist these elements must be satisfied: iii. Negligence was a necessary condition for the occurrence of the harm iv. That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and John Milton's Paradise Lost â€Å"Forth reaching to the Fruit, She pluck’d, she eat:/ Earth felt the wound, and Nature from her seat/ Sighing through all her Works gave signs of woe,/ That all was lost [†¦]† (PL 8. 781-784) In the gothic novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley weaves an intricate web of allusions through her characters’ expedient desires for knowledge. Both the actions of Frankenstein, as well as his monster allude to John Milton’s Paradise Lost. Book eight of Milton’s story relates the tale of Satan’s temptation and Eve’s fateful hunger for knowledge. The infamous Fall of Adam and Eve introduced the knowledge of good and evil into a previously pristine world. With one swift motion sin was birthed, and the perfection of the earth was swept away, leaving pain and malevolence in its wake. The troubles of Victor Frankenstein begin with his quest for knowledge, and end where all end: death. The characters in Frankenstein are a conglomeration of those in Paradise Lost. Frankenstein parallels Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, as well as God, while his monster acts an Eve/Satan mixture. The most predominant theme of this novel is the characters’ ever-present search for knowledge. It is this thirst for learning that spurs Frankenstein’s psychotic attempts to give life to inanimate tissue, ultimately causing his demise. Frankenstein, in this way, mirrors the character of Eve in Paradise Lost. Eve lives her most peaceful life in the Garden of Eden, her only job being to tend the plants in the Garden which she loves so much. In the novel Frankenstein, Frankenstein lives in an Eden of his own, though macabre in nature. His â€Å"garden of life† is actually mo... ...was influenced greatly by Milton’s work, evidence of which lies in the eerie similarities between the two. The allusions to Paradise Lost give the reader a story by which to subconsciously compare the characters of Frankenstein, thus also reiterating one of the main themes; the quest for knowledge and the resultant death. Following the death of Frankenstein, his monster utters his own last words. â€Å"‘But soon,’ he cried, [†¦] ‘I shall die. [†¦] I shall ascend my funeral pyre triumphantly, and exult in the agony of torturing flames’† (225). Works Cited Milton, John. Paradise Lost. 1667. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. 20 Nov. 2005. id=MilPL67.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/ modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=8&division=div1> Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. 1818. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003.

Hawk Roosting Critical Essay

Hawk Roosting: Critical Essay Kieran Mooney Task: Choose a poem which is a specific poetic form. Show how the particular form helped your appreciation of the ideas and/or feelings which the poem explores. In your answer you must refer closely to the text and at least two of; form, theme, imagery, or any other appropriate features. â€Å"Hawk Roosting† is a poem by Ted Hughes. The poem helps the reader appreciate the ideas and feelings which are explored throughout the poem. This is skilfully done through form, imagery and word choice over the course of the poem. The poem is about a hawk resting high up in a tree. Through a monologue, the poem reveals the hawk to be a steady-minded, rational and believable character. In the first stanza, the poet begins to hint to the reader what sort of personality the hawk has. He does this in the first line if the poem: â€Å"I sit in the top of the wood, my eyes closed† This suggests to the reader that the hawk has no fear. This is shown by the words ‘eyes closed’. The word ‘top’ signifies that the hawk is the top in the forest and that he rules the forest, and that there is nobody above, or more powerful than him. The hawk is again referred to being powerful in the line: â€Å"Between my hooked head and hooked feet† In this line the alliteration of ‘h’ together with the assonance in ‘oo’ makes the reader drag out the word ‘hooked’, which emphasises the word and the hard harsh sound contained in it. This portrays a dangerous and rugged view of the hawk. Stanza two shows the reader that the hawk believes the elements that are there are ‘of advantage’ to him: The air’s buoyance and the sun’s ray, Are of advantage to me† This shows the hawk feels everything is there to assist him, and that he is the reason all the elements exist. The poet uses personification to describe the ‘air’ and the ‘sun’, this tells the reader the hawk feels they are on his side and he rules them, like a general inspecting his troops. This idea is continued in stanza three with: â€Å"And the earth’s face upwards for my inspection† This again makes the reader aware of the hawk’s superiority and reminds them that the hawk is not going to give up his position without a fight. The hawk goes on to tell the reader: â€Å"It took the whole of Creation to produce my foot, my each feather. Now I hold creation in my foot† This shows the hawk is a well-designed creature, and is perfectly adapted for living in the woods. The quote also shows the hawk to be arrogant and obnoxious, as he feels he is better that his Creator, God, as having exceeded him. In Stanza four the idea of superiority is shown present once again: â€Å"I kill where I please because it is all mine† This clearly states where the hawk believes he stands, and shows that he has no remorse for any of the other creatures. The idea that the hawk is a ruthless killer, and he kills his prey without a second thought, culpability or being beleaguered by his integrity. The hawk again shows his power: â€Å"There is no sophistry in my body. My manners are tearing off heads† This show to the reader that the hawk to be lethal and vicious. It also shows that because he is on top, the hawk does not need to be polite, respectful or sophisticated, and that he feels no empathy for their pain or suffering, and has no regard to killing them. This further shows his merciless nature. The fifth stanza is the hawk describing his home as ‘the allotment of death’. This shows the reader the hawk has total power and control over everything and reinforces the fact that he feels he can kill what and where he likes without any consideration. It also tells us: â€Å"For the one path of m flight is direct, through the bones of the living† This gives the reader an extremely gruesome and graphic image of the hawk killing its prey, and shows us the reality of his predator behaviour. It also links back to ‘no sophistry’ and ‘tearing off head’ to strengthen the fact that he is a powerful cold blooded killer. We are told: â€Å"No arguments assert my right† This demonstrates that the hawk is indeed the top predator in the forest and that nobody dares to challenge him for his position. In the final stanza, stanza six, we are given a haughty, self-flattering closing statement from the hawk: â€Å"Nothing has changed since I began. My eye has permitted no change. I am going to keep thing like this† This shows us the hawk is well aware of the effect he has on the environment and is instinctive in his actions. He is content with the way things have turned out and are not going to let them change easily, especially as the odds are in his favour. he is going to try keep things running his way as changing things would upset the natural rhythm of life. In conclusion, â€Å"Hawk Roosting† is a poem which helps the reader appreciate the ideas and feelings which are explored throughout the poem, through the poets use of imagery and word choice throughout the poem. [900 words]

Synergetic Solutions Report

The Synergetic solutions simulation helps in deciding what steps need to be taken to help the company succeed in the networking solutions market. There were different strategies that could be implemented, and also actions plans to take in making the company successful. In cases where productivity increases absenteeism was on the decline. This simulation allows for the identification of internal as well as external forces or change in synergetic solutions. The forms of communication needed to implement changes, the different levels of resistance the company will face, and the strategies leaders will have to employ to manage the different levels of resistance. Internal and External ForcesCompanies deal with many internal as well as external forces on a day to day basis. External forces can include technology, customer demands, and competitors. Internal forces include working in a positive work environment, communication, and people within the company. Businesses including Synergetic ha ve to make sure they are able to keep up with all the latest technologies to keep their business ahead of others.Customer demand can put a lot of stress on companies from having to stay ahead of competitors. Competitors can keep companies on their toes, and since the next move is never known staying ahead of the game is a must. Positive work environment is important because the behavior of other employees can influence other individual’s behaviors. Communication is always a good thing and it makes people feel like they have a voice. Working with a great group of Factors to Implement ChangeKotter has eight steps that help when implementing change within a company.  First of all people would want to be given a great example of how change will be for the good of the company. In addition, leaders will need to have enough power and drive to actually make the changes. Employers should be able to create visions and set goals to ensure that visions will be reached in the long run.M anagement at synergetic solutions should communicate the vision as well as encourage others that it will work and they should go along with it. Rewarding individuals for jumping on board with changes and adhering to all its entities will make other want to jump on the band wagon as well. Companies must make all necessary changes to new vision so that it will be successful. Finally, reinforcing changes and demonstrating behaviors and success are important (Kotter).Changes to CompanyThere were three different scenarios where decisions for the company were based on my opinion. In September, strategies that would help the company would be to improve workflow efficiencies and employee interaction. We would also need to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being. Making these things happen would mean the company would need to hire two individuals with relevant experience and certifications in networking design technologies. In addition, the synergetic solutions would nee d to outsource non critical tasks and business processes to reduce effort expended on projects (University of Phoenix, 2002).For the month of December we are going to reorganize the organizational structure and hierarchy, and invest in new technologies and tools. Charting a restructure plan and holding meetings to allow employees to voice concerns, and scheduling training for employees that need addition attention will help the company overall. When productivity goes up the percentage of absenteeism decreases with shows everyone is willing to do the work (University of Phoenix, 2002). In the final month as the company improves project accountability and establish processes. We as a company are able to focus on project performance, and encourage process improvements (University of Phoenix, 2002).ResistanceSynergetic solutions may see resistance both on an individual level as well as group level resistance. In my opinion, when individuals go work for a  company they are assigned cer tain tasks to complete. Over the course of time they may feel these are the only things that should be done. When change comes to companies it makes people feel different kinds of ways in regard to change. On the individual stand point people are not willing to change because they are not sure of the outcome. Sometimes change is a good thing, while other times it can be bad for everyone.Five kinds of ResistancePeople have a tendency to resist things based off of things such as habits, fear of the unknown, feelings of security, many economic factors, and also group inertia. The saying goes old habits never die young, and this is something that many people may believe. When people become use to doing things one way, they are more reluctant to change. In addition, some employees may fear whether or not the change will be good or bad for them.Changes can also cause employees to lose the feeling of security within a place of employment. In addition, economic factors play a role in the as pect of if the new task assigned is not completed correctly jobs may be lost to individuals (Kotter). The final type of resistance is called group inertia and this happens when even though individuals may want to change, it is normal to just go along with group norms.Strategies to Manage ResistanceThere are ways to help aid in the process of making people feel better when being reluctant. Management can tell workers why they feel the company needs changes, and why those changes will be good for the company. If employees have questions they should feel comfortable coming to talk to management about things so it can be discussed further. Educating employees about all the necessary changes will allow employers to explain things, and point out all the positive reasons for change (Kotter). When employees are not comfortable with change offering training can be a great thing because it allows the opportunity to take on new things. An employee will be more likely to go along with change un der the leadership of they can trust.ConclusionThe results of my individual performance at Synergetic shows that my decisions lead to a total revenue growth of over 6,050,000 with a networking revenue of eighty percent. The message from Harold Redd, CEO says that by my  decisions the company has a launch pad to succeed in the networking solutions market. Even though not all the decisions made were the best, my ability to overcome those decisions. Leadership and ability to manage change has enabled the company to boost revenue. In addition, they are also now recognized as a â€Å"design hothouse in the industry† (University of Phoenix, 2002). The decisions made for company were not what everyone may think are right, but the simulation shows those decisions still got the job done.

The Technology of Computer Wireless Networking essays

The Technology of Computer Wireless Networking essays Computer technology and use are more in demand today than ever. In an attempt to accommodate computer users, the amount of computer peripherals and accessories is on the rise. This paper will discuss particular hardware that is on the market today, which is wireless computer networking. Moreover, it will go in depth as to what exactly wireless networking entails, how to configure your computer for wireless networking and some advantages and disadvantages associated with wireless networking so potential users could determine if this type of hardware is one that would be suitable for their use. With computing technology on demand today, there is a wide variety of computer hardware on the market to select from, depending on the needs of the user. A specific type of hardware that is of special interest to me is wireless computer networking. I would like to discuss what wireless networking entails, how it works and some advantages and disadvantages associated with the hardware. To begin with, wireless computer networking is the ability to link multiple computer systems in a household together without any wires. One may wonder how this could be possible, and this will be discussed later on in this paper. At any rate, this type of technology could be proven useful in a household with a lot of computer users to even a single household user with a desktop PC and a laptop. It all depends on the frequency of use for the system, which now and days majority of households depend on computer technology in one way or another. Currently, there are four types of wireless networks available: Bluetooth, IrDA, HomeRF (SWAP), and WECA (Wi-Fi). The difference between them is the range from slow and inexpensive to fast and expensive. Bluetooth is not readily available on the market, and WECA (Wi-Fi) is mostly used in offices instead of homes because it is expensive and complicated to set up (How wireless networking w ...

Power and politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Power and politics - Essay Example tanding the consequences of power and politics, the next appropriate step would entail appraising the merits and demerits of power-wielding and politicking in workplaces. Finally, appropriate recommendations become necessary in either optimizing the benefits of power and politics, or mitigating the negative effects of the two concepts of organizational theory. In the contexts of organizational theory and organizational behavior, workplace politics feature as one of the most influential concept in management of corporations. In essence, politics entails the process of using either formal or personal power in influencing subordinates. Conventionally, presidential politics are iconic processes used in influencing a nation’s citizenship. Presidential candidates and other elected leaders use their formal or personal powers in wooing voters to their sides. Similarly, politics is as alive and practical in workplaces as it is in national and state administration contexts. Typically, workplace politics emerge whenever employees are subjected to an unhappy workplace environment (HEYMAN, 2007). In addition, organizational politics emerge whenever a part or a whole of a company’s workforce is dissatisfied with an existing or a new hierarchical structure. Whatever the cause, organizational politics are meant to exert influential or coerc ive pressure on the opposing side, especially the top leadership. Technically, organizational politics is a coercive approach meant to place those behind a political movement at an advantaged position (WITT, 2010). Essentially, leaders are the spear tips in organizational politics. Formally, leaders are responsibly for coordination, control, influence, and inspiration of subordinate employees within an organization. During politics, leaders intensify their coordinating and influential efforts in negotiating for favors and advantages. Occasionally, political activities within an organization heighten whenever different leaders subscribe to

Malaria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Malaria - Research Paper Example For the female Anopheles mosquito to live and reproduce it must first consume blood meals, which provides the link between human beings and the mosquito genus’s life cycle. There are several vital factors that support the development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito from the "gametocyte" to the "sporozoite stage† stage. Mosquito’s Life Cycle These factors are humidity and temperature, which are directly proportional to the parasites’ rate of growth into adult mosquito. The female anopheles mosquito undergoes the four life cycle stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult with the first three stages lasting between 5 and 15 days, varying from one mosquito species to another. It is in its adult stage, which lasts between 1 week and 1 month that the female anopheles mosquito acts a malarial vector (Fairhurst & Wellems, 2009). It lays between 50 and 200 eggs on water surfaces, which hatch after 2-3 days into the larvae stage in which the head, spiracles-for br eathing, larvae thorax, segmented abdomen, and mouth brushes for feeding are developed. At the pupae stage, which could last between 5 and 14 days, the head and the thorax merge to form the cephalothorax as the abdomen curves around underside. The adult stage is characterized by slender bodies composed of head, thorax and abdomen. Epidemiology According to the World Health Organization (WHO), of the 216 million reported cases of malaria in 2010, 655,000 deaths were reported, implying 2000 deaths due to malaria every day. Reportedly, most of the reported cases affected children of five years and below in age (Shah, 2010). The other vulnerable group is pregnant women with about 125 million pregnant women reported to be at risk of infection each year. Regionally, sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected by malaria in general and maternal malaria in particular, the latter resulting in an estimated 200,000 infant deaths every year (Shah, 2010). Although no efforts have been spared in erad icating and treating malaria in the last two decades, little has been achieved in reducing its risks and effects. This situation is made worse by the fact that malaria cases in the remotest parts of the world are not reported or treated as would have been expected. In accessibility and unavailability of health care facilities and information are specifically to blame for the negative effects of malaria and the lack of documentation of many cases of malaria from all over the world (Shah, 2010). Signs, Symptoms, Tests, and Diagnosis of Malaria The well known signs and symptoms of malaria are as caused by the release of merozoites into the bloodstream and the anemia, which results from the destruction of the red blood cells. Besides the female anopheles mosquito, mother-to-baby transmission and blood transfusion are the other mechanisms by which malaria could be transmitted (Fairhurst & Wellems, 2009). As mentioned earlier some of the signs and symptoms of malaria are anemia, bloody st ools, convulsion, muscle pain, nausea, chills, coma, sweating, fever, headache, jaundice, and vomiting. The diagnosis of malaria is a rather crucial step in its treatment hence should be highly regarded by patients and physicians. In medical examinations, enlarged liver and spleen could indicate the presence of malaria. However, confirmation using malaria blood smear at 6-12 hour intervals is highly recommended. To confirm the presence of m

Ethical Obligations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical Obligations - Essay Example Rather, humans are able to determine courses of action which will benefit the sum whole of humanity and to perform those behaviors which, in their assessment, create the greatest general good regardless of the personal good created. The tendency of humans to perform these actions is called benevolence. Finally, there exists a third motivating factor, which must be taken into account to form a proper moral theory; this third factor will be called obligation. Obligation is the result of the social nature of humans. Suffice to say, for now, that obligations are the motivations to perform actions which result from explicit promises regarding what behavior one will engage in. Obligations have been a key aspect of many influential moral theories. Several great philosophers have heavily relied on the concept of obligations in their moral theories. Perhaps most notably are the ideas of contracts or covenants in Hobbes' Leviathan and Hume's discussion of promises in Of the Obligation of Promises. Both of these philosophers, as well as many others, have developed theories in such a way so as to incorporate obligations, though they often refer to them by another nomenclature, into them. Hobbes relies heavy on obligations, or covenants as he refers to them. According to Hobbes humans in the state of nature realize that it is in their best interest to each relinquish rights to others so as to establish some social order to escape from the aforementioned state of nature. These relinquishments of rights by an individual to another individual or to the group as a whole are covenants. Hobbes asserts that these covenants are brought about by two principles he claims to be laws of nature: "[t]hat every man, ought to endeavor Peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek, and use, all helps, and advantages of War," and, "[t]hat a man be willing, when others are so too, as far-forth, as for Peace, and defense of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things; and be contented with so much liberty against other men, as he would allow other men against himself." It follows, then, that in so far as one en tering a covenant will foster peace and the person with whom one is entering the covenant is equally willing to relinquish rights the covenant existence of covenants is dictated by the laws of nature. It is from these covenants that Hobbes seems to believe obligation arise. Hobbes has the following to say concerning the obligation created by entering a covenant: "he that is to perform in time to come, being trusted, his performance is called Keeping Of Promise, or Faith; and the failing of performance (if it be voluntary) Violation Of Faith." It is clear that Hobbes believes that entering into these covenants does in fact create an obligation and that one should endeavor to fulfill one's obligations. (Wilson, 2003) Hobbes puts such importance on the concept of obligation that he offers the creation and fulfillment of obligations as the only way to escape from the nearly unbearable state that is his conception of the state of nature. Despite his being on the right track in placing such importance on

Information Technology - questions to answer Essay

Information Technology - questions to answer - Essay Example From the other side, the cost of qualitative education is constantly rising. So people who invested huge money in their education can not afford receiving low salaries. Therefore it becomes impossible to find highly-educated professional human resources at low price. Those who sat that personnel from India or China is highly educated should ask themselves how many college graduates from India or China are working at top positions at U.S. companies. Often talented people from overseas should first work in the U.S. company for few years and overtake some corporate training (or post-graduate education) to become valuable employees. I think that ACME Corporation should use experience of other IT companies which are successful in transferring their facilities to developing countries. For example, managers at U.S.-Dutch professional publishing giant Wolters Kluwer shifted software development and editorial work to India and the Philippines. Therefore they are able to pump out a greater variety of books, journals, and Web-based content more rapidly. Wachovia Corp., the Charlotte-based bank inked a $1.1 billion deal with India's Genpact to outsource finance and accounting jobs and handed over administration of its human-resources programs to Lincolnshire-based Hewitt Associates. It's "what we need to do to become a great customer-relationship company," says Director of Corporate Development Peter J. Sidebottom cited in Engardio (2006). Wachovia aims to reinvest up to 40% of the $600 million to $1 billion it hopes to take out in costs over three years into branches, ATMs, and personnel to boost its core business. Here's what such transformations typically entail: Genpact, Accenture (ACN ), IBM Services, or another big outsourcing specialist dispatches teams to meticulously dissect the workflow of an entire human resources, finance, or info tech department. The team then helps build a new IT platform, redesigns all processes, and administers programs, acting as a virtual subsidiary. The contractor then disperses work among global networks of staff ranging from the U.S. to Asia to Eastern Europe. In recent years, Procter & Gamble (PG ), DuPont (DD ), Cisco Systems (CSCO ), ABN Amro (ABN ), Unilever, Rockwell Collins (COL ), and Marriott (MAR ) were among those that signed such megadeals, worth billions. As Engardio (2006) writes, many executives are discovering offshoring is really about corporate growth, making better use of skilled U.S. staff, and even job creation in the U.S., not just cheap wages abroad. True, the labor savings from global sourcing can still be substantial. But it is peanuts compared to the enormous gains in efficiency, productivity, quality, and revenues that can be achieved by fully leveraging offshore talent. However what the company really has to help it survive in this environment is finance. So ACME Corporation can attract professional talents from India, China and Eastern Europe with the same methods as it attracts American specialists. Good strategy for ACME Corporation is to provide social insurance and credits for mortgage or other purposes to its college-educated English-speaking employees from India or China that will attract talented personnel to the company. As Liu (2006) writes, the US economy emerged after World

Cognitive Human Memory

Cognitive Human Memory Evaluate the influence of modern technology on cognitive theories of human memory Cognitive Science is a branch in the field of psychology that studies the mental processes of the people. These mental processes include attention, perception, memory, recollection and learning. Cognitive psychology is seen as an interrelated field where it intersects with other disciplines such as philosophy, computer science, neuroscience and linguistic. Out of all those mental processes that were mentioned above memory has been of great interest and most researched, for it being a very complex topic. There have been several research conducted in order to find the nature of memory. Memory is the ability of a living organism to store, retain and retrieve information. In cognitive psychology memory is divided into three stores, namely the sensory, short term and long term. The information is processed in all these three stores. This is often referred to as the information processing model. George Miller (1956) had proposed an idea that is fundamental to the information processing model. The concept is ‘chunking and the capacity of the short term memory. Miller stated that short term memory could hold only up to 5-9 chunks of information, where a chunk is a meaningful unit and it could refer to words, digits, people faces etc.,. This concept was considered to be the basic element in the subsequent theories of memory. The other theory of human memory, the multi store model was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). Their theory was very influential within the information-processing model. They also suggested three types of memory stores, namely sensory, sh ort term and long term stores. Sensory store holds temporary information that is acquired from the environment in an unprocessed state. The information that is given attention is processed to the short term store, some of the information is rehearsed in the short term store and passed on to the long term memory. This information is retrieved on active searching. One of the major contributions of the cognitive science to the field of psychology is the information processing model where the metaphor of ‘brain as computer is taken in the literal sense. Cognitive scientists try to study the nature of intelligence from a scientific point of view by creating computer models of the human mind that helps us in explaining the processes that take place during problem solving, remembering, perceiving etc. It is believed that if we observe how does robotics and expert systems accomplish tasks assigned to them, then we are using the Artificial Intelligence to understand the working of the human mind. However the influence of modern technologies on the cognitive theories of human memory is note worthy. It has had positive as well as negative impact. Firstly, let us look at the positive side of using metaphors of mind that are borrowed from the technological advances. The usage of computer metaphor helped in the development of important scientific breakthroughs. It led to the invention of artificial intelligence that helps people in all the fields to make better utilization of the information in order to work smarter rather than working hard. Robotics and other expert systems have also helped humans in making their life much simpler and easier. This can be considered as a major contribution of the cognitive psychology to the modern technology. The other advantage of using computer metaphor to human mind has made the understanding of the mental process involved in memory very simpler. The nature of memory was a very complex and mysterious concept initially, however with the computer analogy better understanding of the human memory has been achieved. The working of the mind is very similar to that of a computer in several ways. Computers receive information, codes it in particular format, which it can understand and when necessary it is retrieved. This is the same activity that a human mind does. They receive information from the environment, process it and store it in mind in a form that they perceive and on later stages they are able to retrieve them effectively. Thus, we ourselves can see that a metaphor of mind borrowed from the advanced technology has made our understanding very efficient and easier. So far we have seen the advantages of using metaphors of mind. However as it was mentioned earlier this concept is not without its drawbacks. Firstly the concept is overly simplistic. By using computer model as an example we do not consider the complexity of the human behavior. Understanding human behavior is a very complicated phenomenon for it involves biological, chemical, or/and psychological reactions within the body/mind before it produces any outcome or behavior. Having many things to be considered, the computer model does not make our understanding in depth, and creates a very easy picture about the mental processes of the human mind. Secondly, we can say that this concept is very hypothetical. Computer model itself is a theory. A theory is drawn out of a hypothesis, which is only assumed to be the truth and necessarily need not be the reality. In this state, trying to explain human mind in terms of computer model may not be totally accurate. Psychology being a scientific stu dy needs to conduct lab research for us to believe in any idea that they propose though the comparison between the human mind and the computer is widely accepted. Finally, I would like to conclude the essay by saying that the usage of computer analogy in the field of cognitive study has made our understanding of the human mind more convenient. For a field that is full of complexities this concept has contributed enormously in a positive way. Every aspect has pros and cons, similarly this concept also has some disadvantages that were mentioned few lines above, and nevertheless, I would personally say that the advantages have overweighed the disadvantages. References: www-psych.stanford.edu/~bigopp/Encoding.PDF http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/AITopics/CognitiveScience http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/learning/memory.html http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/memory.htm http://tip.psychology.org/miller.html http://www.cranepsych.com/Psych/Cognitive.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/AITopics/Applications

Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay -- Kate Chopin Awakening Essays

Kate Chopin's The Awakening Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening expresses the difficulty of finding a woman’s place in society. Edna learns of new ideas such as freedom and independence while vacationing in Grand Isle. Faced with a choice to conform to society’s expectations or to obey personal desires for independence, Edna Pontellier realizes that either option will result in dissatisfaction. Thus, Edna’s awakening in Grand Isle leads to her suicide. Edna’s awakening occurs during her family’s vacation in Grand Isle. It is here that she learns to freely express herself and be unreserved in her behavior and speech. Through the Creole women, Edna becomes free from the chains that bind her to societal expectations. Adele initiates Edna’s arousing as does the local flirtatious man, Robert Lebrun. It is at Grand Isle that Edna feels most alive: engaging in idle talk, flirting unabashedly, receiving loving attention from a man, paints, learning to swim, an awareness of independence, and becoming conscious of her sexuality. Through the contrast of her experiences (depression when at home and joy when playing at sea), Edna recognizes an awakening, or a change, within her self. She discovers a part of herself separate from her husband, children, and previous life. This discovery fuels her incendiary rejection of her domestic responsibilities when she returns to her home in New Orleans. This ignites the passiona te fire of her heart, causing her to shake previous responsibilities, open a house independent of her husband to quench her sexual desires, and liberate herself from domestic restraints. Conclusively, Edna’s vivification causes her to feel responsible for only her passions and urges, neglecting remaining responsibilit... ...nt for personal independence. It is only through the futile attempts to investigate which option (convention or passion) is best that Edna realizes there is no appropriate choice to be made. Edna recognizes, through her awakening, the existence of two entirely unlike female models of society. Neither of the models fit her, and thus, she stands in societal purgatory waiting, in vain, for some sort of epiphany as to which model is best for her. She cannot fully connect with either female model, nor can she remove connections that bind her to each. She is unwilling to compromise. Through her stubborn frigidity, Edna chooses a non-choice, to surrender to the author of her awakening: the sea. From the sea, Edna learns of her independence. Into the sea, Edna surrenders society’s undesired requirement of action. The sea becomes both the giver of life and provider of death. Kate Chopin's The Awakening Essay -- Kate Chopin Awakening Essays Kate Chopin's The Awakening Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening expresses the difficulty of finding a woman’s place in society. Edna learns of new ideas such as freedom and independence while vacationing in Grand Isle. Faced with a choice to conform to society’s expectations or to obey personal desires for independence, Edna Pontellier realizes that either option will result in dissatisfaction. Thus, Edna’s awakening in Grand Isle leads to her suicide. Edna’s awakening occurs during her family’s vacation in Grand Isle. It is here that she learns to freely express herself and be unreserved in her behavior and speech. Through the Creole women, Edna becomes free from the chains that bind her to societal expectations. Adele initiates Edna’s arousing as does the local flirtatious man, Robert Lebrun. It is at Grand Isle that Edna feels most alive: engaging in idle talk, flirting unabashedly, receiving loving attention from a man, paints, learning to swim, an awareness of independence, and becoming conscious of her sexuality. Through the contrast of her experiences (depression when at home and joy when playing at sea), Edna recognizes an awakening, or a change, within her self. She discovers a part of herself separate from her husband, children, and previous life. This discovery fuels her incendiary rejection of her domestic responsibilities when she returns to her home in New Orleans. This ignites the passiona te fire of her heart, causing her to shake previous responsibilities, open a house independent of her husband to quench her sexual desires, and liberate herself from domestic restraints. Conclusively, Edna’s vivification causes her to feel responsible for only her passions and urges, neglecting remaining responsibilit... ...nt for personal independence. It is only through the futile attempts to investigate which option (convention or passion) is best that Edna realizes there is no appropriate choice to be made. Edna recognizes, through her awakening, the existence of two entirely unlike female models of society. Neither of the models fit her, and thus, she stands in societal purgatory waiting, in vain, for some sort of epiphany as to which model is best for her. She cannot fully connect with either female model, nor can she remove connections that bind her to each. She is unwilling to compromise. Through her stubborn frigidity, Edna chooses a non-choice, to surrender to the author of her awakening: the sea. From the sea, Edna learns of her independence. Into the sea, Edna surrenders society’s undesired requirement of action. The sea becomes both the giver of life and provider of death.

A judge is a person who is given the task

A judge is a person who is given the task to decide a case. He is the arbiter who is given the authority to evaluate the facts and issues of a case and to thereafter render a decision based on jurisprudence, the law, the Constitution and other acceptable sources.A judge should be impartial, independent, possessed of competence and dignity that is required of a judge. As part of due process, he should posses the cold neutrality of an impartial judge. A judge should always bear in mind, that he is the personification of justice.The people bring the case before the court that he represents, in hopes of obtaining a decision that is reflective of justice and integrity. A judge occupies a position that is above that of an average individual. He should not compromise his morals and should act in a manner that is consistent with his position both in his public and private life.It is very difficult to separate how a judge should act in his public and private lives. By this, it is meant, that even in the private lives of judges, they should live their life in a way that they are good examples to the society. A judge should set aside any biases that he has about the case, further, he should not in any manner allow personal and family relations to affect the manner by which he decides a case.A judge should be objective, making decisions by stating the facts and the law of the case. The decision of a case should have a basis so that the parties would know that their case has been decided through proper analysis and not by the whims and caprices of the judge.Democratic great powers are the manner by which justice is addressed in a given community. In any society, it is important to have a democracy. The people are viewed as the partners of government or of its leaders to achieve good governance. The people in power, like those of government officials should bear in mind that they are there to serve the people and their country and not to fuel their personal ambitions. In a d emocratic country, the people are guaranteed certain freedoms.These pertain to freedom of speech, expression, religion, labor, of voting and the like. These freedoms would allow the people to do their job of ascertaining as to whether or not officials in power are performing their work properly. The government does not have the monopoly of power in a democratic type of government since they know that their people can check them at any time.The government would not be given the chance to impose arbitrary laws and rules that would allow them to rule a country as they please, without thinking about the welfare of its constituents. It is very important for a government to respect the rights of their people by giving them a chance to voice out their opinions as for example, in choosing its leaders through voting. In this way, the people would have a participation in the election of those leaders who would lead their nation.

Baroque Music

Opera was the new musical form of the Baroque period and it was very expressive of the baroque cultural values. By then end of the operatic form was stylized into a recipe, including improbable plots, small motivations for the characters, and magical transformations, which were signs of opera's baroque nature. Oppress united drama, dance, elaborate stage mechanisms, and scenery with music. Johann Sebastian Bach was one artist whose greatest legacy was religious music.His works re distinguished by their inventiveness and complete mastery of major and minor tonality. George Frederic Handel was renowned for his Italian-style operas. He had a brilliant way in which music allows the singers to show their virtuosity. Yes, Opera was the new musical form of the Baroque period; it originated from Italy in the late sixteenth century by a group of Florentine musicians and poets who had ties with the aristocrats. However, let us not forget that if it was not for the four trends that gave he musi c of this time period its distinctive qualities.One in which was the creation of the major and minor tonality which was prefigured by Joaquin des Perez. That was the rise of modern music. The second was the mixing of the genres, which was well known in the literature and the arts made its way into baroque music. In addition, the third thing was the expressiveness in the music in the late 1 sass; it became more magnified and was used in emotions in the text of the music that may not have been eared. And lastly was the age of virtuosos, master musicians, especially singers, who would perform with great technical skill and vivid personal style, and of a growing variety of musical instruments. † That brings us back to Opera; this musical form brings all the mentioned trends together, became the ultimate symbol of the age. Claudio Monteverdi was the first great composer of opera; he composed Refer (1607) about a legendary ancient Greek poet-musician named Orpheus. It incorporated r am, dance elaborate stage mechanisms and painted scenery with music (410).Monteverdi was known for expanding the dramatic appeal by taking each of the five acts and ending them with a powerful chorus. He took the use of aural symbols and music phrases to intensify events. Jean-Baptists Lully was the founder of French opera but he was actually Italian. He would later become a French citizen and serve as Louse's court composer. French opera under Lully's direction would become more dignified and full of choruses and would add ballet and French text. Baroque Music The name Baroque, which is a French word from the Portuguese’s barroco, originally used in architectural design in Europe specifically in Italy having a deformed style as an irregularly shaped pearl. In music, it is known for its inconsistencies that the twentieth century historians later used the term baroque as an identification of the Early Classical Period in music.Instrumental music using piano or clavier (a German word for keyboard), violin, harpsichord and other string instruments ruled the Baroque Era of Western European Art Music between the years 1600 to 1750. Characteristics and Forms Although Temperley argues that â€Å"Baroque music was written largely for monarchs, aristocrats, and authoritarian church leaders† (par 9), the soulful melody and dramatically arrangement of any musical piece created during this era captured the hearts of the religious and nonreligious groups.Furthermore, as Kisser said â€Å"the middle class formed too in this era† (par 1). Generally, baroque music has the counterpoint and contrast as the main ingredients. Its characteristic is designed to be emotional in nature having a more rigid formal design with modern tones and experimental rhythm using the combination of a firm and repeatedly strong bass line with florid treble as composers aimed to communicate with contemporary music in accordance to their affectionate behavior. Musical forms are not stiff to instrumental music alone.Along with suite, fugue, partita, canzona, sinfonia, fantasia, ricercar, toccata, chaccone, sonata, concerto and concerto grasso, which the orchestra is composed mainly of different musical instruments to create a smooth polyphony sound, the use of vocal music with the form of cantata, monody, anthem, passion, masque, chorale prelude, oratorio and opera started to emerge and soon became in-demand. The incorporation of ballet dancing and theatrical arts is also introduced, and the public appreciated it as such. The Era of Baroq ue Music 1600-1630 (Early Baroque)The death of Renaissance period segued into the Early Baroque Music in the year 1600. It started when the Florentine Camerata decided to reinvent the conventional polyphonic sound from complex arrangements to basic accompaniment and simple melodies. As a result, counterpoint musical compositions began rising. The initiative to use chords instead of notes created tonality, and harmony is then expressed. As Baroque genre is starting to emerge, Protestantism also appears elsewhere in Italy. Experimentation in arts and music becomes powerful in reviving Catholicism.Instrumentation and lively orchestral music was one of its products. However, when public grew tired listening over purely musical instruments, another innovation come out. The use of music and text is demonstrated in Orfeo, the first ever opera composed by Claudio Monteverdi with the use of singer actors and music combined. 1630-1680 (Middle or Classic Baroque) Due to the patronage in Baroqu e genre, availability of orchestral instruments increased. Playwright artists gave vast contributions and became popular as well as opera and other theatrical drama, dances such as ballet, and vocal music genre.Most of their themes were excerpted from the rhetorical approach of Greek and Roman in arts and music. Formal teaching of art lessons specifically music started in Middle Baroque to give focus more on music and harmony. Counterpoint compositions turned out to be more systematic and well-arranged. However, the attractiveness of theatrical genre did not give concerto and concerto grasso a hindrance to be accepted. Instead, music in this era is more appreciated by the public. Some of the endless masterpieces created during the Classic Baroque survived until today like George Friedrich Handel’s Hallelujah and Johann Pachelbel’s Canon in D.1680-1750 (Late Baroque) The declination of Baroque period began in the year 1680 and ended in the year 1750. Germany in this tim e adopted Italy’s artful tradition that they developed later on putting German touch. Music here was high-priced due to the demand of royal courts and members of the aristocracy. European art-music started to be respected by other neighboring continents like the United States of America. Knowledge and scientific discoveries as well as art and music were given utmost attention where composers and musicians are treated patrons even by the secular and religious members.Before the Baroque period moved to classical era, another significant innovation in music has been made available, and two composition styles were observed. These are called â€Å"the homophonic dominated by vertical considerations and the polyphonic dominated by imitation and contrapuntal considerations†. (Wikipedia par 69) Composers and Musicians of Baroque Era Further studies of Thornburgh and Logan said, â€Å"Baroque musicians were not concerned with expressing their own feelings and emotions, rather they sought to describe with objectivity, feelings and emotions which were distinct from what they actually felt†.(par 21) Here are some of the most admired, influential and well-appreciated composers, playwright artists, and musicians during this era. Italy: Monteverdi, Frescobaldi, Corelli, Vivaldi, Domenico and Scarlatti France: Corneille, Racine, Moliere, Couperin, Lully, Charpenter, and Rameau Germany: Praetorius, Scheidt, Schutz, Telemann, Pachelbel, Handel and Bach England: Purcell, Donne and Milton R E F E R E N C E S Baroque Music. Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia. 11 Nov. 2007 < http://en. wikipedia. or g/wiki/Baroque_music>Bukofzer, Manfred. Music of the Bartoque Era. New York: Norton Company Inc. , 1947 Kisser, Brandon. A Brief History of Music: The Baroque Era Part I. Sept. 2007. Newsvine. Com. 12 Nov. 2007 Temperley, Nicholas. Baroque Artists of Champaign-Urbana: Baroque Music. 11 Nov. 2007 < http://www. baroqueartists. org/guide. asp> Thornburgh, Elaine and Log an, Jack, Ph. D. Baroque Music Part One. 12 Nov. 2007 Baroque Music According to Craig Wright, â€Å"â€Å"baroque† is the term used to describe the art, architecture, dance and music of the period 1600 to 1750 (Wright, 97). † The sound has been described as â€Å"rough, bold [and] instrumental† (Ibid). Originally, the term â€Å"baroque† was pejorative (Ibid). One of the main traits of baroque art and architecture, that extends itself to the music of the period, is massiveness. Everything in baroque society was larger than life. Grandiose was also a term that was used to define the music of the period.With this grandiosity was also an attention to detail that showed itself in â€Å"vigorous, pulsating rhythms with strong, regular beats and many smaller subdivisions (Ibid). † During the baroque period, there was much development and innovation in the field of music. During this time, three musical forms developed and reached their zenith, the Baroque Opera, Concerto Grosso, and the Cantata. These three forms were be st represented by Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, and Johann Sebastian Bach. The first form that came to innovation was the Baroque Opera. This was best exemplified by the operas of Claudio Monteverdi.One of his operas was The Coronation of Poppea. In it, you hear the swelling melodies and subtle undertones that define baroque music. Though it is one of Monteverdi’s last compositions, many critics view it as one of his best, sowing the seeds for all future Italian opera. Tim Smith of the Baltimore Sun notes that â€Å"[t]his is a pinnacle of early baroque style (Smith, 2009). † Craig Wright states that Monteverdi and other composers of early opera used a particular style to convey heightened passions. It was a â€Å"new, more expressive and flexible style of solo singing for the stage called stile rappresentativo (Wright, 107).† This form allowed the singer to move from one mood to another without alerting the viewer to the subtle changes in mood. This was a key component of baroque music, as one of the key aims of baroque is to create emotion in the listener and to give a sense of grandness to the vocal production. Eventually, â€Å"stile rappresentativo would soon be transformed into two different and contrasting types of vocal writing, recitative and aria (Ibid). † The second form of baroque music that emerged during this time period was concerto grosso.According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, concerto grosso was â€Å"characterized by a contrast between a small group of soloists and the full orchestra (Britannica, 2009). It flourished eventually as secular music for the royal court (Ibid). Britannica says that the typical â€Å"instrumentation†¦was that of the trio sonata (Ibid). † It consisted of two violins, a bass string instrument and a harmonizing instrument like a harpsichord. â€Å"Wind instruments were also common (Ibid). † The number of movements for the concerto varied depending on the compose r. Some had three movements, others had four.The fast movements â€Å"often used a ritornello structure, in which a recurrent section, or ritornello, alternates with episodes, or contrasting sections played by soloists (Ibid). † The composer best known for this form was Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi’s greatest concertos are the series known as the Four Seasons. More than 150 recordings have been made of the Four Seasons alone. In his works, you can hear the melodies and subtleties that make up baroque music. The final form of music that was developed during this time was the cantata. The cantata was a form first used by the Italians, and was later adopted by Johann Sebastian Bach.Though Bach never called them cantatas, they were considered such due to their structure. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Bach rejected calling his works cantatas because that connoted secular music, and if there was something that Bach was not, it was secular. When one listens to Bachâ⠂¬â„¢s music, one can hear the massiveness of the sound that is obviously designed for a church and for a multi-voiced orchestra. Under Bach, â€Å"the music of the Baroque reaches its greatest glory (Wright, 127). † He was a great virtuoso on the organ, studying his craft by listening to others and even traveling hundreds of miles just to hear a performance.He was a composer of church music, and later became a court conductor. One of Bach’s greatest known cantatas is a seven-movement work known as Awake, a Voice is Calling. It is a more formalized structure, with movements one, four, and seven being choruses, movements two and five being recitatives and movements three and six aria duets. This piece is a chorale piece, which is a spiritual melody or religious folk song (Ibid). The Baroque period, while a young period in musical history is full of new and innovative developments.The opera, the concerto grasso, and the cantata are all innovative developments in music th at show us how our rich musical history developed and changed over the hundreds of years that we have been maintaining our musical heritage. We need to embrace and encourage our musical growth and musical challenges so we may continue to grow as a culture and as a society. Works Cited â€Å"Cantata. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 18 Apr 2009. . â€Å"Concerto Grosso. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 18 Apr 2009.. Smith, Tim. â€Å"Opera Vivente tackles timeless ‘Coronation of Poppea'. † Baltimore Sun 09 Mar 2009 Web. 18 Apr 2009. . Wright, Craig. Listening to Music. Second Edition. St. Paul: West Publishing, 1996. Print. Josquin Desprez was a giant of Renaissance music. According to Craig Wright, he was the greatest composer of the Renaissance or any age. He was born on the border between modern France and Belgium and died in the same region.He was attracted to Italy for the same reason many oth er composers were attracted to the region—professional and monetary gain (Wright, 86). He worked consistently as a singer at the cathedral of Milan, the chapel of a cardinal in Rome, the Sistine Chapel of the pope, and in the chapel of the Duke of Ferrara. According to Wright, he â€Å"possessed a temperamental, egotistical spirit typical of many artists of the Renaissance: He composed only when he, not his patron wished; he demanded a salary twice that of composers only slightly less gifted; and he would break into a rage when singers tried to tamper with the notes he had written (86).† One patron threatened to throw him in prison if he did not stop composing for outside clients, yet he was recognized for his genius. He was praised by contemporary humanists of the time, and he was a favorite of Martin Luther, who said in essence, that Josquin mastered the notes; the notes did not master him (Ibid). â€Å"Josquin wrote more than twenty settings of the Ordinary of the Mass and a large number of French chansons (Ibid). † According to Wright, he especially excelled in a form called the motet.A motet is a composition written for a choir, setting a Latin text on a sacred subject. It was intended to be sung in a church or chapel or at home in a private devotion. Most were sung a capella, which literally means â€Å"in the chapel (Ibid). † This means that they were performed by voice alone, without any instrumentals. Instruments other than the organ were not allowed in churches during the Renaissance (Ibid). This clean, a capella sound accounted for the â€Å"often serene quality of the sound of Renaissance sacred music (Ibid).† Wright states that the Renaissance is often called â€Å"the golden age of a capella singing (Ibid). † It is in this setting that Josquin wrote Mille Regretz, a beautiful a capella piece that brings male and female voices together in harmony. The male and female voices play off each other, pulling the listener into the music and the gentle harmonies that are displayed. Josquin’s talent is evident, as the music has clean lines and tones, and the notes are precise and well-toned to blend together flawlessly.The first voices you hear are the male and female voices in harmony, and then it seems as if the female voice takes over, but there is a subtle bass to the tones, then the men dominate the piece while the women play a supporting role. Next the men and women are in harmony together, blending and rising their voices in a slightly mournful tune reminiscent of the Ave Maria. This piece speaks very well to the time period in which it was written.Mille Regretz means â€Å"A Thousand Regrets† in Italian, and it would seem as though this religious piece plays to the penance one would have to pay for their sins. There is a great emphasis placed on the polyphonic nature of the tones, and the multitonalism that results from the blending of the voices; all characteristic of R enaissance religious music. This piece probably represents Josquin at his height, as a power player in the courts and chapels of Italy. Listening to this piece, there is no reason to doubt his standing as one of the premier composers of his day, and this piece attests to it.This has the a capella quality that was desirous in Renaissance music, and there are few voices involved, which means that it was most likely meant for a small chapel and not for a grand cathedral. Josquin accomplished his goal of creating peaceful, religious music that soothes the soul and easily defined the time period in which it was popular. Then there is the quality of imitation involved. Josquin used this technique often. Imitation is a process â€Å"whereby one or more voices duplicate in turn the notes of a melody (Ibid).† You can clearly hear the imitation by the male and female voices as they move through the piece. In Josquin’s imitative writing, all the voices have a chance to equally pr esent the melodic material and all are of equal importance (Ibid). You can also clearly hear the â€Å"point-counterpoint† pattern in the singing that is common when the voices are working together to compliment each other. The sound produced would, on paper, appear to be discordant, but is far from such, as the â€Å"point-counterpoint† creates a harmony that belies what is placed on the paper.The voices work smoothly together to create a cohesive whole, so the piece comes together as a masterwork. Josquin’s work was a sublime effort despite his temperamental soul. Though he may have been tormented by having to achieve perfection, his works show he did just that. We can look at his music and clearly see the liturgical future that music took. He was a pioneer in sacred music, and his contributions must continue to be appreciated for how it speaks to us and our musical future. Works Cited Wright, Craig. Listening to Music. Second Edition. St. Paul: West Publishin g, 1996. Print.