Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay Paper Romeo and Juilet was written by William Shakespeare in the year 1664. Breifly this play is about a boy and girl from two opposing familes fall madly in love with each other gets torn apart by their own relatives hate. The main themes in this play are romance and violence. During Shakespearen times people were very superstitious and believed that fate was pre-destined. The majority of civilians was religious in the year the play was made and belived in most curses and pleas. Throughout the play , this concept was shown as Romeo cries out that everything is linked to fate, every action, every life and death was all believed to be linked to fate. Although it was Shakespeare who was created everything in the play, speech, death, love, including Romeos character. Behind the scenes for Romeo was Shakespeare who was playing his game. So Willium Shakespeare was Romeos fate. The Prolouge was set at the beginning of the play and we were told the summary of the play. We were told the plot of the play/storyline, A pair of star-crossed lovers. This implies two fated lovers against the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Prolouge also mentioning Two households, both alike in dignity ,. This emphasies two waring families both high in stature. From ancient grude to new munity, this infers that both famillies with an ancient grudge, and know comming to a new problem. We are told this at the start of the play because by doing this the audience gains an idea of the story and also to capture the audiences attention. The themes that are established in The Prolouge are love, violence and hate, all these themes are used in the play, as they are used in the small summary (The Prolouge). Act 1 Scene 1 starts by two servents from the house of Capulets, Sampson and Gregory teasing each other, talking about fighting servents of the Montagues The quarrel is between our masters and us their men. This demonstrates that their eager to fight. They were also talking about raping the Montague women, Me they shall feel while I am able to stand tis known, I am a pretty peice of flesh. This shows their sense of humour and how they like to say rude jokes. Initially the atmoshere is jolly with a jokey mood, this is shown by their reference to sexual inuemos mentioned above. But the mood quickely changes when two of the Montague servents, Balthasar and Abram, entered the play and approached closer to the Capulets. Sampson and Gregorys good-natured rivalry is immediatly converted to hostility. In this act and scene we learn a fair amount of information about Benvolio, his personality and his character. Benvolio is Romeos cousin, he is a solemn, sensitive young man whose name indicates his peace making role in the play. During this act and scene, Benvolio tries to make peace with the gang fight and fails. It also reaveals that Benvolio speaks the truth, whilst slightly backing his family(Montague) up. I do but keep the peace. Put up thy sword. This shows his character and person, what he is like. Not liking to stir up trouble, being his peaceful self. Tybalt enters half way through this scene. We learn a good amount of information about him, his character and especially aggresive personality and nature. As Tybalt enters the play, we learn that he is violent and certainly not peace loving as he mentions. What, drawn, anf talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. This implies that Tybalt has a aggressive nature, this quote also shows how much he hates the Montagues. As he speaks slowly and cleary to the Montagues, truely expressing his feelings about them. The audience may feel like their prepare to watch a fight, as Tybalts entry builds up great tension around the audience. This scene ends when the prince of Verona appears and splits up the murderous brawl and gives them a threatning warning. If you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. This infers on how serious, and angry the prince is, about their continued fighting in the street and even giving a death penalty as a warning to both Capulets and Montagues. The audience may start to calm down as the tension starts to drop, because of the arrival of the prince stopping the fight. Act 3 Scene 1. This scene is important as it comes half way through the play, Romeo and Juilet have been married. This is important to what is to follow. This scene plays a large majority of the play, as the audience are firstly indroduced to the main theme of violence of the play. A large fight is played and the characters expressions are all dramactically expressed. This scene is full of dramatic irony, as the audience knows that Romeo is married to Juilet anf that Tybalt is Romeos cousin through marrige. Tybalt doesnt realise this and is very eager to fight, because of the introdtion to the party that happened before. Romeo refuses to fight because of his marrige to Juilet. He is now Tybalts cousin. He cannot tell Tybalt the truth because of the feud between Capulets and Montagues. The audience know the truth and are interested in what will happen. At the start of the scene, the weather is hot causing people to be adjutated, Benvolio asks Mercutio to go home, because the Capulets are wandering around. I pray thee good Mercutio, lets retire. The day is hot, the Capulets abroad. This emphasises Benvolio is trying to keep the peace yet again, trying to avoid the sight of the Capulets, as he knows that trouble will stir up and they wont be able to escape once a fight starts. He is also trying to protect Mercutio from trouble, as Benvolio knows Mercutio character. On this scene we learn that Mercutio is a very humourous character, always making jokes and he seems to be very friendly with Benvolio, teasing him. But Benvolio always tries to keep every situation as calm as possible, incase anything gets out if order. Mercutio also, tries to include Benvolio on how Italy is feeling Thy head is a full of quarrels as an egg is full of meat, and yet thy head hath been beaten as addle as an egg for quarrelling. This implies Mercutio is trying to include Benvolio in the family struggles, because he wants to make Benvolio same as anyone else keeping him on his side. At the start of the scene the atmoshere is similar to the beginning to act 1 scene 1, when Benvolio and Mercutio is joking and teasing each other, but Benvolio tries to keep the stituation calm and peaceful as possible. The audience would probaly feel sorry of Benvolio as by now they should realise that Benvolios peace making role is a lost cause. The atmoshere immediatly changes as soon as Tybalt and his men enter the play, it changes because the audience already knows what Tybalt is like and what the outcome will be, violence. As soon as Tybalt is caught in sight of Mercutio and Benvolio, Benvolio says By my head, here come the Capulets. This demonstrates how instantly worried he is. But Mercutio replies to him By my heel, I care not. This emphasises on how Mercutio is cocky, arrogant and doesnt care about the Capulets and Tybalt. Mercutio also knows that theres a crowed around and even whilst Tybalt and his men has arrived armed, Mercutio seems to try and stir it up even more, by being a showman, causing a comedy show and jokes as though he doesnt care. In behaviour, Mercutio is like Tybalt, someone who is easily angered and who likes to fight. He feels that Tybalt has insulted Romeo and Romeo allowed him to. A fight is the last thing Romeo wants, as Mercutio is his friend and Tybalt is now his kinsman. When Tybalt kills Mercutio it creates tension as the audience wait to see how Romeo will act. The mood becomes tense again because Romeo enters the scene. Another dramatic irony was included in this scene, as the audience knows that Tybalt is looking for Romeo and they know that violence will occur once Tybalt sees Romeo. As Romeo gets into a duel with Tybalt, Mercutio is concerned about Romeos fencing, O calm, dishourable, vile submission ! . This implies how Mercutio cant believe that Romeo isnt fighting back and is also confused on why hes not. After this Romeo is trying to keep the peace Gentle Mercutio put thy rapier up,. This demonstrates, that Romeo is trying to stop Mercutios actions from getting into trouble. Also mentioning about the penalties Tybalt, Mercutio, the prince expressly hath, Forbid this bandying in Verona streets. . This is infers Romeo is trying to part the fight whilst also protecting Mercutio, Mercutio knows hell be punished and yet he still fights for Romeo. And the result of this lead to his death, as Mercutio and Tybalt fight, Romeo got in the way allowing Tybalt to thurst his sword in Mercutio. Mercutio blames both families, as he is no Montague or Capulet. I am hurt; A plague on both your houses ! I am sped. In this scene he repeats A plague on both your houses ! three times. This implies he is cursing both families, hes wounded and about to die, the fact hes saying it three times emphasises his, fear and anger. And during Shakesperean times, three times meant bad luck. Romeos reaction when Mecutio dies is important. My very friend hath got his mortal hurt In my behalf my reputation staind With Tybalts slander. He sees that he is responsible for his death and his love for Juilet has made him less of an man. O sweet Juilet Thy beauty hath made me effeminate And in my temper softend valourss steel ! Tybalt returns and the audience want to know what Romeo will now do, take revenge. We also know that The Prince has threatened to punish with death anyone who fights. Shakespeare brought The Prince back to remind the audience the consequences that will occur. Romeo is very angry, fire-eyed fury be my conduct now and fights with Tybalt and kills him. This tells us how angry Romeo is, mentioning the word fire-eyed fury, fust as if he has fire in his eyes. The audience knows that this is disastorious for both Romeo and Juliet. He has killed Tybalt, Juliets cousin and also, faces The Princes Punishments. Shakespeare again keeps the audience interested in what will happen next. After Romeo has killed Tybalt, Shakespeare uses Benvolio to remind the audience of the danger Romeo is now in. He tells Romeo to fly away, be gone and reminds us all of what the prince will do, the prince will doom thee death If thou art taken. This infers that The Prince will execute him. Romeos language is important. His final words remind the audience of the opening Prolouge to the play that spoke of two star-crossed lovers. Yet again, after Romeo causes a brash action (killing Tybalt) he blames someone else than himself. I am fortunes fool, this infers that he feels that fate is against him, because he wanted went downhill and people had a strong fate in god at Shakesperean times. Romeo leaves and Shakespeare has now created a tension because the audience await The Prince and wonder what will become of Romeo and Juliet. When The Prince arrives, the discussion between Benvolio and The Prince is important, as it changes Romeos destiny. The prince seeks the fight starters Benvolio, who began this bloody fray. Knowing that Benvolio will always tell the truth, even though hell get his family in trouble. Lady Capulet doesnt care, I beg for justice, which thou, Prince must give, Romeo slew Tybalt; Romeo must not live. . This emphasises that she only wants Romeo to die. Also another reason why the disscussion between Benvolio and The Prince tis important , And for that offence Immediatly we do exile him hence . This implies The Princes punichment has changed, banishing Romeo instead of killing. The change wouldnt have happened if it wasnt for Benvolio. Act 5 scene 3, so far Romeo has been informed of the catastrophe of his bride Juliet. In order to avoid Juliet getting married to Paris, Juilet fakes her death for a short period of time, which occured in ant 4 scene 4. This scene Act 5 scene 3 is important beacause it is the very last scene, and the audience will be eager to await for the finale. It is also because this is the part of the play where both of the main characters (Romeo and Juliet) dies. In this last act and scene, we learn a very great deal about Romeos character. We learn that he is very irrational and could be very violent. I dont think he manages to live up to the stereotype of the Romantic, because I think Romeos mood effects his speech, and especially the way he acts. At one speech in this scene he says By heaven, I will tear thee joint by joint and strew this hungry churchyard with thy limbs. This demonstrates how violent Romeos mind could come up and heaven do. The theme of violence is so important beacause, it alternates hte storyline of the play multiple times and also changer the behavior and roles of the characters. The violence can be most memorable, because violence is exiciting, it grabs the audiences attention and it adds unpredictabililty to the play. Violence stirs up peoples emotions, causes shock, distress, and it is often unexpected. The audience like to watch contrasting characters good vs bad. I think at the end of each scene the audience would be thinking what will happen next, beacause Shakespeare makes every act and scene interesting and reminding for us.

Why the Department of Homeland Security Was Created

Why the Department of Homeland Security Was Created The Department of Homeland Security is the primary agency in the U.S. government whose mission is to prevent terrorist attacks on American soil. Homeland Security is a cabinet-level department  that has its  origins in the nations response to the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, when members of terrorist network al-Qaeda hijacked four American commercial airliners and intentionally crashed them into the World Trade Center towers in New York City, the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., and a field in Pennsylvania. Unified, Effective Response to Terror President George W. Bush  initially created Homeland Security as an office inside the White House  10 days after the terrorist attacks. Bush announced the creation of the office and his choice to lead it, Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Ridge, on Sept. 21, 2001. He will lead, oversee and coordinate a comprehensive national strategy to safeguard our country against terrorism and respond to any attacks that may come, Bush said. Ridge reported directly to the president and was assigned the task of coordinating the 180,000 employees working in the nations  intelligence, defense and law  enforcement agencies to protect the homeland. Ridge described the daunting role of his agency in a 2004 interview with reporters. We have to be right a billion-plus times a year, meaning we have to make literally hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of decisions every year, or every day, and the terrorists only have to be right once, Ridge said.   One lawmaker, citing the biblical story of Noah, described Ridges  monumental task as trying to build an ark after the rain has already started falling. Creation of Cabinet Department Bushs creation of the White House office also marked the beginning of a debate in Congress to establish a Department of Homeland Security in the broader federal government. Bush initially resisted the idea of moving such an important responsibility into the Byzantine bureaucracy, but signed onto the idea in 2002. Congress approved the creation of The Department of Homeland Security in November 2002, and Bush signed the legislation into law that same month. He also nominated Ridge to be the first-ever secretary of the department. The Senate confirmed Ridge in January 2003. 22 Agencies Absorbed  By Homeland Security Bushs intention in creating the Department of Homeland Security was to bring under one roof most  of the federal governments law-enforcement, immigration and anti-terror-related agencies. The president moved 22 federal department and agencies under Homeland Security, as one official told The Washington Post, so we are not doing things in stovepipes but doing it as a department. The move was portrayed at the time as the largest reorganization of the federal governments responsibilities since World War II. The 22 federal departments and agencies absorbed by  Homeland Security are: Transportation Security AdministrationCoast Guard  Federal  Emergency Management Agency  Secret Service  Customs and Border ProtectionImmigration and Customs EnforcementCitizenship and Immigration ServicesCritical Infrastructure Assurance Office of the Department of CommerceNational Communications System of the Federal Bureau of InvestigationNational Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis CenterEnergy Assurance Office of the Department of Energy  Federal Computer Incident Response Center of the General Services AdministrationFederal Protective Service  Office of Domestic PreparednessFederal Law Enforcement Training Center  Integrated Hazard Information System of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Domestic Preparedness Office of the FBIDomestic Emergency Support Team of the Department of JusticeMetropolitan Medical Response System of the Department of Health and Human ServicesNational Disaster Medical System of the Department of Health and Human ServicesOffice of Emergency Preparedness and the Strategic National Stockpile of the Department of Health and Human Services Plum Island Animal Disease Center of Department of Agriculture Evolving Role Since 2001 The Department of Homeland Security has been called on numerous times to handle catastrophes other than those caused by terrorism. They include cyber crimes, border security and immigration, and human trafficking and natural disasters such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The department also plans security for major public events including the Super Bowl and the presidents State of the Union Address. Controversies  and Criticism The Department of Homeland Security came under scrutiny almost from the moment it was created. It has endured stinging criticism from lawmakers, terrorism experts and the public for issuing vague and confusing alerts over the years.   Terror alerts: Its color-coded alert system, developed under Ridge, was widely ridiculed and criticized for not being more specific about how the public should respond to elevated threats. The system used five colors - green, blue, yellow, orange and red - to inform the public in real-time about the threat of terrorism.Appearing on the  Tonight Show  with Jay Leno in November 2002, Ridge was pressed by the comedian:  Im sitting at home in my underpants watching the game and, boop, were in yellow. What do I do now?  Ridges response: Change shorts. Nonetheless, the color-coded alerts were a source of frustration among Americans who were being told  to be on alert, but werent sure about what to look for.Duct tape: So, too, was the departments 2003 directive that Americans stock up on  duct tape and plastic sheeting to seal the windows and doors of their home in the event of a terrorist attack.Harold Schaitberger, general president of the  International Association of Fire Fighters, told the  Chicago Tribune: Most of the suggestions, I dont believe, are effective at all in really helping to protect anyone from many of these biological and chemical threats.  I mean, duct tape and plastic? Wheres the good air coming from? Hows it going to be recirculated? Beyond the fact that we already know, for nerve gas and other elements, the plastic is totally ineffective.Quipped Leno: This means the only people who are going to survive an attack are serial killers. Who else has duct tape and plastic sheeting in their car? Going global: Homeland Security has also caused friction between the United States and some European countries for deploying about 2,000 special agents and immigration workers to more than 70 countries, as The New York Times reported in late 2017. The United States under President Donald Trump was accused of trying to export its immigration laws, the newspaper reported.Katrina: Homeland Security came under the most intense fire, however, for its response to and handling of the devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the costliest natural disaster in American history. The agency was hammered for not developing a national response plan until two days after the storm hit.If our government failed so utterly in preparing for, and responding to, a disaster that had been long predicted and was imminent for days, we must wonder how much more profound the failure would be if a disaster were to take us by complete surprise, said Republican Sen. Susan Collins of Maine, who called Home land Securitys response  alarming and unacceptable.   Department of Homeland Security History Here is a timeline of key moments in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Sept. 11, 2001: Members of the terrorist network al-Qaeda, acting under the direction of Osama bin Laden, orchestrate a series of attacks on the United States after hijacking four airplanes. The attacks killed nearly 3,000 people.Sept. 22, 2001: President George W. Bush creates the Office of Homeland Security in the White House, and chooses then-Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Ridge to lead it.  Nov. 25, 2002: Bush signs the Congress-passed bill creating the Department of Homeland Security in the federal government. We are taking historic action to defend the United States and protect our citizens against the dangers of a new era, Bush said at the ceremony. He nominated Ridge to be secretary.Jan. 22, 2003:  The U.S. Senate, in a  unanimous, 94-0 vote, confirms Ridge as the first secretary of the Department of Homeland Security. Bush issued a prepared statement afterward that read: With todays historic vote, the Senate has demonstrated our shared commitment to doing everything we can to s ecure our homeland. The department initially has about 170,000 employees. Nov. 30, 2004: Ridge announces he plans to step down as secretary of Homeland Security, citing personal reasons. I just want to step back and pay a little more attention to personal matters,  he told reporters. Ridge served in the position through Feb. 1, 2005.Feb. 15, 2005: Michael Chertoff, a federal appeals court judge and former assistant U.S. attorney general credited with helping investigators link the terrorist attacks to al-Qaeda, takes over as the second Homeland Security secretary under Bush. He departed at the end of Bushs second term.Jan. 20, 2009: Janet Napolitano, the governor of Arizona, was tapped by incoming President Barack Obama to serve as Homeland Security secretary in his administration. She resigned in July 2013 to become the head of the University of California system after becoming embroiled in the debate over immigration; she was accused both of being too harsh in deporting those living in the United States illegally and not acting forcefully enough to sec ure the nations borders. Dec. 23, 2013: Jeh Johnson, a former general counsel to the Pentagon and the Air Force, takes over as the fourth Homeland Security secretary. He served through the remainder of Obamas tenure in the White House.Jan. 20, 2017: John F. Kelly, a retired Marine general,  and incoming President Donald Trumps pick, becomes the fifth Homeland Security secretary. He served in the position through July 2017 and became chief of staff to Trump.Dec. 5, 2017: Kirstjen Nielsen, a  cybersecurity expert  who worked in the Bush administration and as a deputy to Kelly, is confirmed as Homeland Security secretary to replace her former boss. The department has grown to 240,000 employees, according to published reports.

Most Popular Articles February 2008

Most Popular Articles February 2008 Most Popular Articles February 2008 Most Popular Articles February 2008 By Daniel Scocco Below you will find the most popular articles of the past month. Check them out if you missed any. Laugh About Writing: Writing doesn’t always have to be a serious business. Though it’s wise to make sure that you write correctly, there’s a lot of fun to be had when playing with words. Poll: Should We Write email or e-mail? I am pretty sure that you already considered if you should be writing the abbreviation of electronic mail as email or e-mail (or as something else yet). The same confusion applies to the abbreviations of electronic commerce, electronic book and so on. Top 5 Tips When Bidding For Freelance Work: One way of obtaining freelance work is by bidding for work through websites like GetAFreelancer.com, Guru.com or Elance.com. This route to contract work is a handy tool for stop-gap work but can be a minefield for the uninitiated. The idea is based on the eBay model, where clients post the type of work they are looking for within a budget range, timescale, and description of the work they need completed. Freelancers then bid on the job, and the client selects the best fit, or sometimes unsurprisingly, the cheapest offer of work. Rite, Write, Right, Wright: Here are four frequently misspelled words that your computer Spell Check won’t catch. What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?: The terms metaphor and simile are slung around as if they meant exactly the same thing. A simile is a metaphor, but not all metaphors are similes. Fun With Words: Palindromes: Palindromes are words, phrases or number sequences that read the same way in both directions. Palindrome derives from the Greek for ‘running back again’. Both the Greeks and Romans are known to have enjoyed palindromes. The Greeks also published palindromic poetry. Warning: Microsoft Did Not Invent Grammar!: Most people who advise on writing tell you to check the spelling and grammar on your work. This is good advice. Top 5 Freelance Mistakes To Avoid: The road of freelance writing is fraught with pot-holes, sharp bends, and hidden horizons, so it pays to know a few of the mistakes in advance to help make the journey go that little bit smoother. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesWhenever vs. When EverCareful with Words Used as Noun and Verb

Entry Strategies of Starbucks in China and UK Case Study

Entry Strategies of Starbucks in China and UK - Case Study Example This research will begin with the statement that when a firm seeks to enter a foreign market, the company must choose the most appropriate entry mode for that specific market. The decision of entry mode strategy has an important implication in company’s international expansion. The choice of international strategy has long-term implication for MNCs. There are six international entry mode strategies: exporting, licensing, a turnkey project, franchising, joint ventures and wholly-owned subsidiaries. There are different influential factors that determine a company’s international strategy in each situation. The effect of these factors may differ considerably with respect to different countries. Starbucks uses three different entry modes to internationally establish their business such as joint ventures, licensing and wholly owned subsidiaries. Each day nearly 2.5 billion cups of coffee are consumed. It is the 5th most widely traded commodity in the world and millions of pe ople depend directly or indirectly on the production and sale of coffee for their income. The US coffee shop industry includes about 20,000 stores with combined annual revenue of about $11 billion. The industry is highly concentrated: the top 50 companies generate more than 70 percent of industry sales. The profitability of companies in the industry depends on the ability to obtain prime locations, create innovative promotion methods to increase customers, and deliver high-quality products. Big sized firms have advantages beginning from sourcing the beans to marketing their specialty coffee products owing to their easy availability of capital. Small companies can offer competition only by bringing in the local flavor to their restaurants based on their familiarity about the surroundings and also adding that personal touch to customer service. Coffee shops compete with businesses such as convenience stores, fast food restaurants, gourmet restaurants, and donut shops. Target Segment:- When specialty coffee was first being produced, its target consumer segment was the upper income class. This specific customer segment has been nearly fully penetrated. Any additional growth will come from those consumers with middle or lower incomes. These two segments are generally more motivated by discount products over branded products. Buyers are more aware and knowledgeable about specialty coffee and they are also demanding superior quality in the recent times. This results in further consumption of the product based on better information. PEST analysis: Political/Legal:- Rise in tensions between U.S. and rest of the world often results in negative impact on business activities of American brands like Starbucks in Middle East. Starbucks CEO Schultz was assumed to be close to Jewish society and was alleged to be funding their activities. Due to threats following this accusation Starbucks was forced to close down six stores in Israel. Starbucks imports all their coffee beans. So changes in import laws could affect production which can result in price variations of the product and in turn consumption too. Economic:- Starbucks has faced problems due to economic recession in countries such as Switzerland, Germany, and Japan in the early 2000s, where it caused declining sales and revenues for the company. Moreover, huge recession due to the global financial crisis also impacts the company’s results badly. Social:- Starbucks is committed to a role of positive impact on environment in all of their business activities. They understand the environmental issues and share information with their partners and encourage them to participate in this mission. This only adds on to the positive image of the company. Technological:-

Film Music Appreciation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Music Appreciation - Term Paper Example Film scores before the 1930s were not sophisticated enough compared to what is being experienced now. The technology at that time limited music in film, motion pictures were soundless. In theaters, to enhance the experience of plays, producers included playing piano and other musical instruments to match up the scenes in the play. The development of music score started in the 1930s, at this time classical music was commonly included in the film. The following decade, 1940s, saw the inclusion of music score in films to improve the characters and plots in the film. During the half part of 20th century, 1950s, music score became symphonic. Music composers were intrigued with including different genres of music in film and Jazz was one of them since it was cheap to compose. In the 1960s, more advancement in the field of film score was witnessed in the form of including rock music in a movie as a sound track. In the 1970s, composers of film music focused on perfecting the techniques of fi lm score in movies. From the 1980s, through the 1990s on to the 21st century, tremendous developments have been achieved. In particular, composing of music has taken a new dimension. Currently composing of film score is not only limited to orchestras, but synthesized sounds have become a common inclusion in films. It has become cheap and faster to compose film scores since through technology one person is capable of producing music with various instrumental sounds at a shorter time (Wierzbicki 36). The film director is highly instrumental when it comes to the time of defining the function of a film score in a particular film. The main function of a film score is providing the movie with music. The music is necessary in that it helps in the exemplification of a scene. Source music is included in the film with the objective of making the characters react to it. The reaction is through a character playing music or in a different case the characters hearing

Stress is a rising concern in corporate world

Stress is a rising concern in corporate world Stress is a rising concern in corporate world. In fact, repeat increase in percentage of workers in global economies experiencing a rise in workplace stress. According to survey by Northwestern National Life One-fourth of employees consider their jobs as the number one stressor in their lives. Job life is the most important part of employee life but on other hand it is one of the key reason of stress. Job atmosphere contain with competitive nature that why people in the world are more center in achieving job related goals and ignoring the stressors which influencing their work and life. (Ahsan, Abdullah, Gun Fie, Alam, 2009).Due to stress an organization can suffer serious crisis such as reduction in employee productivity, increase in employee turnover, inferior motivation levels and augment between employee conflicts. The main object of this article is establish a comparative analysis on employee characteristics versus working conditions and identifies the primary cause of job stre ss. Most researchers have the same opinion on certain factor highly stressful in work environment for example organizational culture and function can be stressful due to poor communication, lack of support in problem resolving and higher management failure in defining organizational goals lead to stress. Under or over promotion, poor pay, nature of job causes stress regarding employee personal career development. If management fails to identify the employee roles in organization then role ambiguity and role conflict generate stress. Lack Interpersonal relationships at work, conflict in demands work to home and work overload also multiply the stress effect on employee (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2002) There is multiple Job condition that may lead to stress. Long working hours, infrequent rest break, hectic and routine tasks in shift works, lack in employee skill utilization little sense of control at work place these all work condition can be categorized in design of task which leads to stress. Management Style can causes stress for example lack of employee participation decision making, poor communication hierarchy in the organization, excessively tight controls by the managers creates negative stress among the employees. Depressed organization environment, lesser amount of support from coworkers and deficiency in providing help by supervisors reduces the interpersonal relationships and increase the chances of stress. Role overload with uncertain job expectations and too much work to home responsibility creates stress which leads to role conflict. Rapid changes in political, economic and technology extend stress and increase job insecurity and jamming the opportunity for employee growth. Symptoms of physical stress are headaches or backaches, muscle tension, diarrhea or constipation, nausea, dizziness, Insomnia, Chest pain, rapid heartbeat, weight gain or loss, skin breakouts (hives, eczema), Loss of sex drive and frequent colds. (The Texas AM University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating, 2009) Signs and symptoms of stress can also be caused by other psychological and medical problems. The prime focus of this article is to identify employee behavioral symptoms during stress and how they affect employee physiological wellbeing. Employee behavioral symptoms during stress can be define as increased absenteeism, tardiness, and intentions by workers to quit their jobs-all of which have a negative effect on organizational performance. If the role in an organization is not clear or unclear boundaries of responsibility due to this situation interpersonal friction between the persons involved. Unfortunately, the conflict often categorizes as interpersonal conflict rather than role conflict, and resolution is then complicated and misdirected. (Fisher, c. 1977, Rev. 1985, 2000.) Role conflict is a type of social conflict it is due to when an individual being require to perform more than one role and these role are highly incompatible from each others. In individual case a person responsibility is being torn between multiple roles with in organization or groups or outside the organization. When an employee has to carry out multiple management roles with in one department it can case conflict between supervisor and co-worker roles. In journal role conflict occur due to overlapping of responsibility and obligations to different group. With an organization point of view role conflict can be define, when individual employee have to perform numerous conflicting responsibilities. Role conflict can also be build up within organization boundaries, when employees require to generating more production and on other hand managers demands supervisors for more improve quality controls. Responsibility of results, without sufficient authority to achieve unrealistic objectives leads to role conflict. Employee life can also suffer from work to family role conflict which reduces the organizational commitment. Increase competitive pressures on organizations for increase outcomes and requiring more time for workforce results in less time available for the employees to be with their families. Finding indicates that there was a major contribution of work-family role conflict to organizational commitment. (Akintayo, 2010) Work-family role conflict generates due to various reasons and these can be unique to each individual situation. Source for Work-family Role conflict can be time-related, strain-related or behavior-related and the outcome of role conflict can be in shape of both psychologically and behaviorally stress. Employee feels guilt about spending less time at home due to work overload at work place, lack in social communication with co-workers at work place or family members at home. Work family conflict affects unenthusiastically employee work and family life quality. It is difficult for employee to carry out responsibility in work domain at the cost of neglecting responsibility and time at family domain. Employee inability to socialize due to work load, responsibility of results without sufficient authority and unrealistic objectives leads to stress with the outcome of role conflict effecting employee productivity. Telecom industry in Pakistan has shown rapid growth and proven its importance in economic growth. Many foreign investments are being invested in Pakistan in telecom industry total of 1438.60 million US $ foreign direct investment in telecom sector in year 2007-08. GST/CED Collection from Telecom Sector is Rs. 44.53 billion in 2007-08. Telecom sector share in GDP is 2 % in 2005-06. (Pakistan Telecommunication Authority, 2009) Reason why employee facing stress is due to nature of their job attending non-stop mobile calls, direct interaction with customers and achieving the target within limited time line make the employee stressful (Dollard, Dormann, Boyd, Winefield, Winefield, 2003). Employees have to produce quality through resolving the customer problems so they can remain satisfied while increasing the quantity to reduce the cost by following preset standards. (Suri Rizvi, 2008) There is great rivalry among telecom companies in attempt to gain a larger market share. Due to the enormous competition among different companies, employees are obliged to increase productivity and provide better quality under unrealistic quality controls. This is the ideal situation where stress can easily generates and cause its negative effect on employee productivity. The nature of call center job also posses necessary ingredients which are identify by the scholars for role conflict. This article provides the information how an employee effect by stress which cases role conflict. Another objective is to identification of key factor which cases stress, role conflict and their relationship with employee productivity. Testing relationship among these factors and there outcome with the help of quantitative tools. This research can provide benefits to company owners, CEO, managers and supervisors, how they can develop the stress free workplace culture. It can also be use as a guide line in prevention and control of the causes of job stress and role conflict. The outcome of this research can be low employee turnover, reduction in workplace conflict and increase in productivity. Organization can reduce the impact of stressors by minimize the role conflict and role ambiguity by developing such policies which gave employee more authority, so they can perform their work activities. Stress affects the performance of employees for last three decades comprehensive work has been done in this regard. The source and outcome of stress are dissimilar in every individual case that why its hard to held responsibility of stress on few stressors. Rising development and expansion in markets and businesses establish the need for more research on stress, how work related stressor effect performance and predict the effect of workplace stressor. Researchers are keen to build up intervention designed which reduces the possible negative impact of stressor on job performance. (Gilboa, Fried, Shirom, Cooper, 2008). Study has point out the following familiar sources of job stress with in organizational environment which can affect employee wellbeing. Role ambiguity is the vague categorization of rite, duties, responsibility and limitation that describe employees job. Work relationships such as employee relationship with its coworkers and mangers. Employee communication gap with its coworkers can cause stress. Employees feels that they have proper training, resources, equipment and tools to perform their task. Career advancement refers to employee expectations and prospects to growth within organization. Lack of opportunity in growth increases the stress. Insecurity of losing job and uncertainty about the future also cultivate stress. Lack in decision making, authority and control at work sturdily correlate with stress. Work-home interface also cause the stress, when work responsibility spill over with employee home life. This can create complexity in employee relationship outside the work specia lly when employee experiencing lack of social support. Workload refers to when employees are unable to produce or fulfill the work requirement according to what is ask to them. When employees are expected to perform more with in limited time or resources allocate to them, in the result employee experience stress at workplace. Compensation and benefits gives employee the feeling of self-worth and their value to the organization. The nature and structure of job can cause stress job such as how much physical working is require, what would be the working conditions, how much challenging and experience would be drive from the job and type of tasks. (Coetzee Villiers, 2010). Work-related factors can be formulate due to work over load when job is requiring more output and attention in limited duration or underutilization of employees skills and they start feeling that their knowledge and experience is ignore and wasted. When employee starting to realize that his job is boring or tedious. (Green, et al., 1995). Job or role ambiguity creates stress when job requirement are not formally designed and worker are uncertain about their responsibilities and duties. (Beehr, 1985). Role ambiguity negatively correlated with employee creativity but role conflict when mediate by self-efficacy show positive link with employee creativity. Future more self-efficacy and job satisfaction provide weak mediators link between role conflicts. Conversely lone job satisfaction provide weak mediator link between role ambiguity and creativity. (Tang Chang, 2010) Employee has to manage the numerous roles at the same time. Whenever time dedicated at work make difficult to fulfill his family roles requirements then work to family conflict generates and the outcome of this conflict is stress. (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985) Employee has to develop their professional skills in order to meet the changing requirement due to advancements in technology. In the absence of advance knowledge individual feels job insecurity. These technological advancements make the workplace more complicate and stressful. (Tse, 2010) In service provider occupation lack in professional aspect (autonomy, client satisfaction and collegiality) and greater Bureaucratic Conditions (formalization and reutilization) leads to work overload and role conflict which is correlate with unmet expectation. Higher unmet expectation linked with higher job stress. Unmet expectations play important role in organizational-professional conflict because in bureaucratic structure organizations employees consider that their skills and abilities are being run over which harms employee expectations and case stress. (Lait Wallace, 2002) Individual with strong internal locus of control are less effect by work stress as compare the one with an external locus of control. Support from coworkers and supervisors are beneficial in reducing workload stressors. Work stress is positive correlated with depression and resource is negatively correlated with depression. Resource consider as a coworker and supervisor lend a hand in workload and strength the individual internal locus of control. Supervisor support narrowed down the prediction for role conflict. (Stanley, Muramatsu, Heller, Hughes, Johnson, Valles, 2010) In Meta analysis seven stressors have been identified (job performance: role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, job insecurity, work-family conflict, environmental uncertainty, and situational constraints) and they show negative correlation with job performance. Investigation of moderators relationship is highly negative correlated with role overload with performance in managers as compare with subordinates. (Gilboa, Fried, Shirom, Cooper, 2008) Autonomy at work reduce the role conflict and positive link with job satisfaction (R u y t e r, W e t z e l s, F e i n b e r g, 2001). The consequences of stress within organization are increase turnover, absenteeism and employee low productivity. Employee productivity is interlink with work environment .Employer should articulate work environment in such manner that the challenging task can be accomplish in a productive way. Encouraging work environment motivate employees and bad working conditions contribute to low productivity of employees. (Taiwo, 2010)

Insomnia Cookies

Organization Structure and Design at Insomnia Cookies What do you think the current organization chart at Insomnia Cookies looks like? Is this structure appropriate for its needs? Explain. What forces have most influenced the structure of Insomnia Cookies? Describe CEO and founder Seth Berkowitz’s span of management. The organization chart is quite confusing because employees of Insomnia Cookies perform beyond their role of duty that they are supposed to. An organization structure should reflect the company’s management chart and the roles and responsibilities of the employees (Lehmann, 1998).In this case, the structure is disorientated. Now, the organizational chart at Insomnia Cookie is divided in three parts, which consists of the top management, middle management, and the lower management. The Chief Executive Officer come founder sits at the part of the top management. The Marketing Director, Chief Operation Officer, Finance Director and the Operations Coordinator i n the middle part of management, while the lower management includes the marketing team, managers, bakers and delivery staffs. At Insomnia Cookies, the Manager force influenced most of the structure in the company.Every manager thinks in a different way. As factors such as experience, knowledge and values shape the person’s way of thinking and perception, some issues could occur when running a company. The executive staffs at Insomnia Cookies are lean, which consists of the Chief Executive Officer (also the founder), a Marketing Director, a Chief Operating Officer, and an Operations Coordinator. When Insomnia Cookies first formed its company, all managers were new and nobody have tried managing a company, thus solution for every issue were made and done only when something serious came up.The task force influenced the change of the activities in Insomnia Cookies. According to Certo and Certo (2012), task includes the degree of technology in performing a task. When issues abou t managing labour costs, food costs and inventory management came up, the Chief Operating Director began with a system and database to manage costs. He multitasked as he went down to store to work with the bakers while he need to manage the operation of local store marketing to ensure the local store growth to be seen as a whole to the global standard.Using the factors that were stated by Koontz (1966), the similarity of functions factor explains that the activities performed by individuals that are under the supervision of Seth Berkowitz are dissimilar. The complexity of functions factor is hard to achieve because the subordinates each have their own complex tasks. Lastly, the coordination factor and the planning factor has negative tendency when the work done needs much coordination and especially when the manager spends much time sorting out plans. With all of these, it is concluded that Seth Berkowitz’s span of management is narrow.